Question 1

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Accepted Answer

A)  aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. 
B)  genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. 
C)  companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. 
D)  critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. 
E)  natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants. 
A)  aggression between sexes promotes the survival of the fittest individuals. 
B)  genes enhance the survival of copies of themselves by directing organisms to assist others who share those genes. 
C)  companionship is advantageous to animals because in the future they can help each other. 
D)  critical thinking abilities are normal traits for animals and they have arisen, like other traits, through natural selection. 
E)  natural selection has generally favored the evolution of exaggerated aggressive and submissive behaviors to resolve conflict without grave harm to participants.

Question 2

Research has shown that nocturnal animals navigate using

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory cues. 
B)  the North Star. 
C)  the moon. 
D)  landmarks. 
E)  gravity. 
A)  olfactory cues. 
B)  the North Star. 
C)  the moon. 
D)  landmarks. 
E)  gravity.

Question 3

Animals use pheromones to communicate

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive readiness. 
B)  species recognition. 
C)  gender recognition. 
D)  danger. 
E)  All options are correct. 
A)  reproductive readiness. 
B)  species recognition. 
C)  gender recognition. 
D)  danger. 
E)  All options are correct.

Question 4

According to Hamilton's rule,

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. 
B)  natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. 
C)  natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. 
D)  the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals. 
E)  altruism is always reciprocal. 
A)  natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. 
B)  natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the recipient, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. 
C)  natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. 
D)  the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals. 
E)  altruism is always reciprocal.

Question 5

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  periods of food availability. 
B)  reproductive readiness. 
C)  periods of daylight and darkness. 
D)  magnetic fields. 
E)  lunar cycles. 
A)  periods of food availability. 
B)  reproductive readiness. 
C)  periods of daylight and darkness. 
D)  magnetic fields. 
E)  lunar cycles.

Question 6

In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. 
B)  Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. 
C)  Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the alarm is warning kin. 
D)  The sex ratio is biased. 
E)  Males forage in areas separate from females; therefore, alarm calls are useless. 
A)  Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. 
B)  Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. 
C)  Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the alarm is warning kin. 
D)  The sex ratio is biased. 
E)  Males forage in areas separate from females; therefore, alarm calls are useless.

Question 7

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
-Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a sentry prairie dog gives a warning call to other foraging members of the prairie dog community.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 8

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
-A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 9

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  crawling with its feet. 
C)  swimming with its setae. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagellae. 
A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  crawling with its feet. 
C)  swimming with its setae. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its flagellae.

Question 10

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B)  They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C)  They are limited to invertebrate animals. 
D)  They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
E)  They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals. 
A)  Their expression is only weakly influenced by genes. 
B)  They occur with or without environmental stimuli. 
C)  They are limited to invertebrate animals. 
D)  They are expressed in most individuals in a population. 
E)  They occur in invertebrates and some vertebrates but not mammals.

Question 11

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Accepted Answer

A)  motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. 
B)  acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by an overactive immune system. 
C)  ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport. 
D)  the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors. 
E)  troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions. 
A)  motor neurons lose their myelination and the ability to rapidly fire action potentials. 
B)  acetylcholine receptors are destroyed by an overactive immune system. 
C)  ATP production becomes uncoupled from mitochondrial electron transport. 
D)  the spinal cord is infected with a virus that attacks muscle stretch receptors. 
E)  troponin molecules become unable to bind calcium ions.

Question 12

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

Accepted Answer

A)  a father to his daughter 
B)  a mother to her son 
C)  an uncle to his nephew 
D)  a brother to his brother 
E)  a sister to her brother 
A)  a father to his daughter 
B)  a mother to her son 
C)  an uncle to his nephew 
D)  a brother to his brother 
E)  a sister to her brother

Question 13

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
E)  electrical 
A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
E)  electrical

Question 14

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually

Accepted Answer

A)  visual and auditory. 
B)  tactile and visual. 
C)  olfactory and auditory. 
D)  visual and olfactory. 
E)  tactile and auditory. 
A)  visual and auditory. 
B)  tactile and visual. 
C)  olfactory and auditory. 
D)  visual and olfactory. 
E)  tactile and auditory.

Question 15

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat. 
B)  When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated. 
C)  Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females. 
D)  Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female. 
E)  The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males. 
A)  The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat. 
B)  When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated. 
C)  Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females. 
D)  Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female. 
E)  The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.

Question 16

Figure 39.2
-In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  pheromone. 
B)  sign stimulus. 
C)  fixed action pattern. 
D)  search image. 
E)  imprint stimulus. 
A)  pheromone. 
B)  sign stimulus. 
C)  fixed action pattern. 
D)  search image. 
E)  imprint stimulus.

Question 17

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Accepted Answer

A)  breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
B)  binding to the troponin complex, which then relocates tropomyosin. 
C)  transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction. 
D)  spreading action potentials through the T tubules. 
E)  reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential. 
A)  breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
B)  binding to the troponin complex, which then relocates tropomyosin. 
C)  transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction. 
D)  spreading action potentials through the T tubules. 
E)  reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential.

Question 18

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

Accepted Answer

A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  calmodulin. 
A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  calmodulin.

Question 19

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination?

Accepted Answer

A)  It announces to the males that she is in heat. 
B)  Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males. 
C)  It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. 
D)  The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats. 
E)  All of the options are ultimate causes of behavior. 
A)  It announces to the males that she is in heat. 
B)  Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males. 
C)  It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. 
D)  The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats. 
E)  All of the options are ultimate causes of behavior.

Question 20

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by

Accepted Answer

A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles. 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the CNS of males. 
C)  administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles. 
D)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles. 
E)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels. 
A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles. 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the CNS of males. 
C)  administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles. 
D)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles. 
E)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels.

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

The presence of altruistic behavior is most likely due to kin selection, a theory maintaining that

Research has shown that nocturnal animals navigate using

Animals use pheromones to communicate

According to Hamilton's rule,

Circannual rhythms in birds are influenced by

In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

Which of the following is true of innate behaviors?

Myasthenia gravis is a form of muscle paralysis in which

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

What type of signal is fast and requires daylight with no obstructions?

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

Figure 39.2 -In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as a(n)

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Calcium ions regulate contraction of smooth muscle cells by binding to

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination?

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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