Question 1

Animals that help other animals of the same species

Accepted Answer

A)  have excess energy reserves. 
B)  are bigger and stronger than the other animals. 
C)  are usually related to the other animals. 
D)  are always male. 
E)  have defective genes controlling their behavior. 
A)  have excess energy reserves. 
B)  are bigger and stronger than the other animals. 
C)  are usually related to the other animals. 
D)  are always male. 
E)  have defective genes controlling their behavior.

Question 2

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

Accepted Answer

A)  A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. 
B)  A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. 
C)  A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. 
D)  A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator. 
E)  A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on. 
A)  A cat kills a mouse to obtain nutrition. 
B)  A male sheep fights with another male because it helps to improve its social position. 
C)  A female bird lays its eggs because the amount of daylight is decreasing slightly each day. 
D)  A goose squats and freezes motionless to escape a predator. 
E)  A cockroach runs into a crack in the wall and avoids being stepped on.

Question 3

Figure 39.3
-One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

Accepted Answer

A)  You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. 
B)  You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. 
C)  You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. 
D)  You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. 
E)  You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response. 
A)  You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. 
B)  You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. 
C)  You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. 
D)  You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. 
E)  You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response.

Question 4

Figure 39.3
-The behavior of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviors are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon. What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual, so individuals need the light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays. 
B)  Egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days. 
C)  By courting at the full and new moon, fiddler crabs link their reproduction to the times of the highest tides that disperse their larvae to safer, deeper waters. 
D)  The algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism bloom on a monthly cycle, so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their lives. 
E)  It takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity. 
A)  The fiddler crab courtship ritual is highly visual, so individuals need the light of the full moon to be able to observe courtship displays. 
B)  Egg maturation in fiddler crab females takes 29 1/2 days. 
C)  By courting at the full and new moon, fiddler crabs link their reproduction to the times of the highest tides that disperse their larvae to safer, deeper waters. 
D)  The algae that larval fiddler crabs consume for energy and metabolism bloom on a monthly cycle, so recently hatched larvae have plenty to eat during a crucial time of their lives. 
E)  It takes about 29 days for a fiddler crab to reach sexual maturity.

Question 5

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  transverse tubules. 
A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  transverse tubules.

Question 6

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  energized cross-bridges. 
B)  myosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  tropomyosin. 
E)  troponin. 
A)  energized cross-bridges. 
B)  myosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  tropomyosin. 
E)  troponin.

Question 7

Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle, will cause

Accepted Answer

A)  rapid muscle twitches. 
B)  sustained muscle contraction (tetanus). 
C)  muscle relaxation. 
D)  specific disruption of blood pressure and digestive functions. 
E)  no effect in the absence of acetylcholinesterase. 
A)  rapid muscle twitches. 
B)  sustained muscle contraction (tetanus). 
C)  muscle relaxation. 
D)  specific disruption of blood pressure and digestive functions. 
E)  no effect in the absence of acetylcholinesterase.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. 
B)  An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness. 
C)  If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection. 
D)  Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection. 
E)  All of the statements are correct. 
A)  Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. 
B)  An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness. 
C)  If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection. 
D)  Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection. 
E)  All of the statements are correct.

Question 9

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner. 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments. 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres. 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses. 
E)  an entire muscle. 
A)  one actin binding site and its myosin partner. 
B)  one sarcomere and all of its actin and myosin filaments. 
C)  one myofibril and all of its sarcomeres. 
D)  one motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers on which it has synapses. 
E)  an entire muscle.

Question 10

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

Accepted Answer

A)  running by a 50-gram rodent. 
B)  running by a 40-kg ungulate. 
C)  flying by a 100-g bird. 
D)  swimming by a 10-g minnow (bony fish). 
E)  swimming by a 100-kg tuna (bony fish). 
A)  running by a 50-gram rodent. 
B)  running by a 40-kg ungulate. 
C)  flying by a 100-g bird. 
D)  swimming by a 10-g minnow (bony fish). 
E)  swimming by a 100-kg tuna (bony fish).

Question 11

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Accepted Answer

A)  polygamous. 
B)  monogamous. 
C)  polyandrous. 
D)  promiscuous. 
E)  agonistic. 
A)  polygamous. 
B)  monogamous. 
C)  polyandrous. 
D)  promiscuous. 
E)  agonistic.

Question 12

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C. innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
-A mother goat can recognize its own kid by smell.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 13

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Accepted Answer

A)  observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. 
C)  bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring. 
E)  All of the options are equally productive ways to approach the question. 
A)  observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. 
C)  bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring. 
E)  All of the options are equally productive ways to approach the question.

Question 14

Figure 39.1
-The structure pictured in Figure 39.1 is found in

Accepted Answer

A)  skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. 
B)  cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles. 
C)  smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. 
D)  smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles. 
E)  smooth muscles. 
A)  skeletal muscles and smooth muscles. 
B)  cardiac muscles and skeletal muscles. 
C)  smooth muscles and cardiac muscles. 
D)  smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and cardiac muscles. 
E)  smooth muscles.

Question 15

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because

Accepted Answer

A)  fostered whooping crane chicks did not develop the necessary cues for migration. 
B)  the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers." 
C)  sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation. 
D)  none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane. 
E)  sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs. 
A)  fostered whooping crane chicks did not develop the necessary cues for migration. 
B)  the fostered whooping cranes' critical period was variable such that different chicks imprinted on different "mothers." 
C)  sandhill crane parents rejected their fostered whooping crane chicks soon after incubation. 
D)  none of the fostered whooping cranes formed a mating pair-bond with another whooping crane. 
E)  sandhill crane parents did not properly incubate whooping crane eggs.

Question 16

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruist's risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
E)  All of the options are correct. 
A)  By its actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of the altruist's risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
E)  All of the options are correct.

Question 17

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. 
B)  Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. 
C)  Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. 
D)  Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. 
E)  Garter snakes learn to eat what their mothers eat. Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs. 
A)  Ancestors of coastal snakes that could eat the abundant banana slugs had increased fitness. No such selection occurred inland, where banana slugs were absent. 
B)  Banana slugs are camouflaged, and inland snakes, which have poorer vision than coastal snakes, are less able to see them. 
C)  Garter snakes learn about prey from other garter snakes. Inland garter snakes have fewer types of prey because they are less social. 
D)  Inland banana slugs are distasteful, so inland snakes learn to avoid them. Coastal banana slugs are palatable to garter snakes. 
E)  Garter snakes learn to eat what their mothers eat. Coastal snake mothers happened to prefer slugs.

Question 18

Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation between successive stimuli is called

Accepted Answer

A)  tonus. 
B)  fused tetanus. 
C)  an all-or-none response. 
D)  fatigue. 
E)  a spasm. 
A)  tonus. 
B)  fused tetanus. 
C)  an all-or-none response. 
D)  fatigue. 
E)  a spasm.

Question 19

Figure 39.1
-Myosin filaments without actin overlap are in which section of Figure 39.1?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 20

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
E)  magnetic 
A)  olfactory 
B)  visual 
C)  auditory 
D)  tactile 
E)  magnetic

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Animals that help other animals of the same species

Which of the following examples describes a behavioral pattern that results from a proximate cause?

Figure 39.3 -The behavior of most animals is influenced by the periods of daylight and darkness in the environment. Fiddler crabs' courtship behaviors are instead synchronized by the 29 1/2-day cycle of the moon. What is the adaptive significance of using lunar cues?

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

Skeletal muscle contraction begins when calcium ions bind to

Curare, a substance that blocks the acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscle, will cause

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

Among these choices, the most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

You discover a rare new bird species, but you are unable to observe its mating behavior. You see that the male is large and ornamental compared with the female. On this basis, you can probably conclude that the species is

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Figure 39.1 -The structure pictured in Figure 39.1 is found in

Scientists have tried raising endangered whooping cranes in captivity by using sandhill cranes as foster parents. This strategy is no longer used because

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

What probably explains why coastal and inland garter snakes react differently to banana slug prey?

Sustained muscle contraction without relaxation between successive stimuli is called

Figure 39.1 -Myosin filaments without actin overlap are in which section of Figure 39.1?

What type of signal is brief and can work among obstructions at night?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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