Question 1

In case-based research, information from multiple _____ studies is systematically combined and analyzed.

Accepted Answer

A)  survey 
B)  correlational 
C)  experimental 
D)  case 
A)  survey 
B)  correlational 
C)  experimental 
D)  case

Question 2

The participants in the Crum and Langer hotel experiment were not individually assigned to the experimental or control group. Instead, each hotel was randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. What was the reason for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  There was a potential confounding variable because if the housekeeping staff at a particular hotel were assigned to two different conditions, they might talk to each other about what they had been told. 
B)  The experimenters were trying to avoid the demand characteristics associated with recruiting participants for a natural experiment. 
C)  The researchers wanted to avoid a potential confounding variable related to practice effects. 
D)  There was a potential confounding variable because if the housekeeping staff at a particular hotel were assigned to two different conditions there would be intense competition between them to improve productivity at the hotel. 
A)  There was a potential confounding variable because if the housekeeping staff at a particular hotel were assigned to two different conditions, they might talk to each other about what they had been told. 
B)  The experimenters were trying to avoid the demand characteristics associated with recruiting participants for a natural experiment. 
C)  The researchers wanted to avoid a potential confounding variable related to practice effects. 
D)  There was a potential confounding variable because if the housekeeping staff at a particular hotel were assigned to two different conditions there would be intense competition between them to improve productivity at the hotel.

Question 3

A theory:

Accepted Answer

A)  is another term for a hypothesis. 
B)  integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic. 
C)  is based strictly on speculation rather than any kind of empirical evidence. 
D)  is a statement of absolute fact that eventually becomes a scientific law. 
A)  is another term for a hypothesis. 
B)  integrates and summarizes diverse findings on the same topic. 
C)  is based strictly on speculation rather than any kind of empirical evidence. 
D)  is a statement of absolute fact that eventually becomes a scientific law.

Question 4

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the founding of humanistic psychology as the "third force" in psychology that strongly opposed psychoanalysis and behaviorism. 
B)  a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a break from traditional behaviorism. 
C)  the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors. 
D)  the revolt of research participants against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology. 
A)  the founding of humanistic psychology as the "third force" in psychology that strongly opposed psychoanalysis and behaviorism. 
B)  a renewed emphasis upon the study of mental processes, which represented a break from traditional behaviorism. 
C)  the discovery of the role played by neurotransmitters in the brain during complex behaviors. 
D)  the revolt of research participants against unethical practices and experiments, which led to new ethical standards in psychology.

Question 5

Mixing bits of established scientific knowledge with completely unfounded claims is a common strategy used to promote pseudoscience.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, responses to questionnaires about exercise and diet and measures of physical health constituted the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Which of the following titles would most likely be found in a research journal for biological psychology?

Accepted Answer

A)  "Increased levels of the hormone testosterone causes increased aggressive behavior in laboratory rats" 
B)  "The effects of compliments on helping behavior" 
C)  "Decreases in intellectual functioning can be reversed through increased mental activities in the older adult" 
D)  "Spacing rehearsals during learning improves long-term memory for nonsense syllables" 
A)  "Increased levels of the hormone testosterone causes increased aggressive behavior in laboratory rats" 
B)  "The effects of compliments on helping behavior" 
C)  "Decreases in intellectual functioning can be reversed through increased mental activities in the older adult" 
D)  "Spacing rehearsals during learning improves long-term memory for nonsense syllables"

Question 8

Like earlier psychologists, Watson and the behaviorists focused on the study of mental processes and conscious experience.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

In a study on the effects of caffeine on memory, participants drank a bottle of tasteless water containing 100, 50, or 0 milligrams of caffeine. Neither the researcher who handed out each bottle of water nor the study participants knew whether a bottle of water contained caffeine or not. This is an example of a _____ study.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational 
B)  case 
C)  single-blind 
D)  double-blind 
A)  correlational 
B)  case 
C)  single-blind 
D)  double-blind

Question 10

Dr. Harmon wants to study the conditions under which some children are rejected by their peers. Daily, from the beginning of a school year, she carefully observes and records the behavior of kindergartners, first-graders, and second-graders in the classroom and on the playground. Dr. Harmon is using:

Accepted Answer

A)  a survey. 
B)  naturalistic observation. 
C)  a case study. 
D)  the experimental method. 
A)  a survey. 
B)  naturalistic observation. 
C)  a case study. 
D)  the experimental method.

Question 11

Like psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology included influential theories of personality and a form of psychotherapy.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. Then they tested subjects' reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

Accepted Answer

A)  the amount of sleep deprivation each group was subjected to. 
B)  how much sleep each group needed following the sleep deprivation experiment. 
C)  the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task. 
D)  how often the participants fell asleep during the sleep deprivation phase of the experiment. 
A)  the amount of sleep deprivation each group was subjected to. 
B)  how much sleep each group needed following the sleep deprivation experiment. 
C)  the reaction times of the three groups on the standard motor reaction task. 
D)  how often the participants fell asleep during the sleep deprivation phase of the experiment.

Question 13

In a study described in Chapter 1, psychologist Paul Solomon and his colleagues investigated the effects of the herb gingko biloba on memory, concentration, and other mental tasks. All participants in the study took a battery of tests at the beginning and end of the six-week study. The results showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  test scores increased about the same for the participants in the experimental group and for the participants in the placebo control group. 
B)  test scores actually decreased for the participants in the experimental group and increased slightly for the participants in the no-treatment control group. 
C)  test scores were virtually identical both times the participants were tested. 
D)  although test scores stayed about the same, participants in the study subjectively rated their memory and concentration as being significantly improved. 
A)  test scores increased about the same for the participants in the experimental group and for the participants in the placebo control group. 
B)  test scores actually decreased for the participants in the experimental group and increased slightly for the participants in the no-treatment control group. 
C)  test scores were virtually identical both times the participants were tested. 
D)  although test scores stayed about the same, participants in the study subjectively rated their memory and concentration as being significantly improved.

Question 14

The results of Crum and Langer's hotel experiment provided additional support for the idea that people's beliefs and expectations can have a powerful influence on behavior and well-being.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

In evaluating psychological research presented in the mass media, it is important to look for the elements of good research design, including control groups, operational definitions of the variables being studied, and randomly assigned participants to the study conditions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

When Brenda's son did not experience any of the claimed benefits from wearing a magnetic vest, she was told that magnets act differently on different body parts, that the vest might not have been properly secured, and that everyone's body reacts differently to magnet therapy. The therapist encouraged her to continue using the vest, saying that the healing effect would not be noticeable until her son had worn it longer. This example illustrates:

Accepted Answer

A)  the use of "multiple outs." 
B)  descriptive research methods. 
C)  the practice effect. 
D)  the effect of demand characteristics. 
A)  the use of "multiple outs." 
B)  descriptive research methods. 
C)  the practice effect. 
D)  the effect of demand characteristics.

Question 17

Based on a friend's suggestion, Nicole moved her bed so that its head pointed to magnetic north. Nicole's friend told her this would help align the electrical impulses in her body and improve blood circulation to her brain. After sleeping this way for a week, Nicole found it easier to concentrate while studying. Her test scores also seemed to improve. Even after learning that scientific evidence does not support this notion, Nicole believed that sleeping with her head pointed to the magnetic north had improved her performance. Nicole's perception is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

A)  pseudoscientific belief. 
B)  negative correlation. 
C)  demand characteristic. 
D)  statistically significant effect. 
A)  pseudoscientific belief. 
B)  negative correlation. 
C)  demand characteristic. 
D)  statistically significant effect.

Question 18

Describe three specialty areas in psychology, and provide an example of a research topic or a question that each area might investigate.

Accepted Answer

1. Clinical Psychology: This specialty a

Question 19

What is a natural experiment and how does it differ from other research methods?

Accepted Answer

A natural experiment is a type of resear

Question 20

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

Accepted Answer

A)  mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 
B)  children with special needs, such as autistic children or those suffering from learning disabilities. 
C)  how people are affected by their social environments. 
D)  the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders. 
A)  mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 
B)  children with special needs, such as autistic children or those suffering from learning disabilities. 
C)  how people are affected by their social environments. 
D)  the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders.

In case-based research, information from multiple _____ studies is systematically combined and analyzed.

The participants in the Crum and Langer hotel experiment were not individually assigned to the experimental or control group. Instead, each hotel was randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. What was the reason for this?

A theory:

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

Mixing bits of established scientific knowledge with completely unfounded claims is a common strategy used to promote pseudoscience.

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, responses to questionnaires about exercise and diet and measures of physical health constituted the dependent variable.

Which of the following titles would most likely be found in a research journal for biological psychology?

Like earlier psychologists, Watson and the behaviorists focused on the study of mental processes and conscious experience.

Like psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology included influential theories of personality and a form of psychotherapy.

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. Then they tested subjects' reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

The results of Crum and Langer's hotel experiment provided additional support for the idea that people's beliefs and expectations can have a powerful influence on behavior and well-being.

In evaluating psychological research presented in the mass media, it is important to look for the elements of good research design, including control groups, operational definitions of the variables being studied, and randomly assigned participants to the study conditions.

Describe three specialty areas in psychology, and provide an example of a research topic or a question that each area might investigate.

What is a natural experiment and how does it differ from other research methods?

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Learning

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Exam 1: Introduction and Research Methods

In case-based research, information from multiple _____ studies is systematically combined and analyzed.

The participants in the Crum and Langer hotel experiment were not individually assigned to the experimental or control group. Instead, each hotel was randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. What was the reason for this?

A theory:

The term cognitive revolution refers to:

Mixing bits of established scientific knowledge with completely unfounded claims is a common strategy used to promote pseudoscience.

In Crum and Langer's hotel experiment, responses to questionnaires about exercise and diet and measures of physical health constituted the dependent variable.

Which of the following titles would most likely be found in a research journal for biological psychology?

Like earlier psychologists, Watson and the behaviorists focused on the study of mental processes and conscious experience.

Like psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology included influential theories of personality and a form of psychotherapy.

Researchers interested in how sleep deprivation affected performance randomly assigned participants to groups that had one, two, or three nights of sleep deprivation. Then they tested subjects' reaction times on a standard motor reaction task. The dependent variable in this experiment was:

The results of Crum and Langer's hotel experiment provided additional support for the idea that people's beliefs and expectations can have a powerful influence on behavior and well-being.

In evaluating psychological research presented in the mass media, it is important to look for the elements of good research design, including control groups, operational definitions of the variables being studied, and randomly assigned participants to the study conditions.

Describe three specialty areas in psychology, and provide an example of a research topic or a question that each area might investigate.

What is a natural experiment and how does it differ from other research methods?

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Learning

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters