Question 1

Extraneous variables are factors other than the ones being studied that, if not controlled, could affect the outcome of the experiment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

More so than any other male psychologist at that time, _____ helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University.

Accepted Answer

A)  G. Stanley Hall 
B)  Francis C. Sumner 
C)  William James 
D)  Edward Titchener 
A)  G. Stanley Hall 
B)  Francis C. Sumner 
C)  William James 
D)  Edward Titchener

Question 3

At the turn of the twentieth century, Ivan Pavlov founded developmental psychology with his pioneering studies of infants and young children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms a claim or belief, while ignoring evidence that contradicts or undermines the claim or belief.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of the individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual.

Accepted Answer

A)  nature; nurture 
B)  nurture; naturalize 
C)  dualism; condition 
D)  monism; condition 
A)  nature; nurture 
B)  nurture; naturalize 
C)  dualism; condition 
D)  monism; condition

Question 6

What percentage of psychological studies in any given year involves nonhuman animals as participants?

Accepted Answer

A)  90 percent 
B)  70 percent 
C)  50 percent 
D)  less than 10 percent 
A)  90 percent 
B)  70 percent 
C)  50 percent 
D)  less than 10 percent

Question 7

The independent variable in Crum and Langer's hotel experiment was being informed that housekeeping work was unhealthy and contributed to health problems.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective assume that psychological processes are subject to the principle of:

Accepted Answer

A)  social loafing. 
B)  unconscious conflict. 
C)  collectivism. 
D)  natural selection. 
A)  social loafing. 
B)  unconscious conflict. 
C)  collectivism. 
D)  natural selection.

Question 9

Professor Williams is investigating loneliness. Participants in her study complete the UCLA Loneliness Scale to measure their levels of loneliness. They also answer questions on a survey about many aspects of their personal lives. In analyzing the results of her study, Professor Williams finds that as the number of friends increases, the level of loneliness tends to decrease. This represents a _____ correlation.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  spurious 
D)  cause-and-effect 
A)  positive 
B)  negative 
C)  spurious 
D)  cause-and-effect

Question 10

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Aristotle 
B)  Descartes 
C)  Calkins 
D)  James 
A)  Aristotle 
B)  Descartes 
C)  Calkins 
D)  James

Question 11

What was the purpose of Crum and Langer's experiment, and how did they test their hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

The purpose of Crum and Langer's experim

Question 12

Which one of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University. 
B)  She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. 
C)  In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind. 
D)  She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda. 
A)  She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University. 
B)  She was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. 
C)  In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind. 
D)  She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaking research on the giant panda.

Question 13

Most critical thinkers try to boil down an issue into its simplest components, frequently reducing a complex issue to an either/or kind of proposition.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

In an experiment, the independent variable is the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in the dependent variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Cognitive psychology developed as a reaction against the use of computers in science and industry.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Dr. Mason and Dr. Jacobson both work in Minnesota in different cities. They both treat people with severe mental disorders. Dr. Mason cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but Dr. Jacobson frequently prescribes medications. Dr. Mason is probably a _____, whereas Dr. Jacobson is probably a(n) _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  psychiatrist; clinical psychologist 
B)  experimental psychologist; biological psychologist 
C)  clinical psychologist; psychiatrist 
D)  social psychologist; health psychologist 
A)  psychiatrist; clinical psychologist 
B)  experimental psychologist; biological psychologist 
C)  clinical psychologist; psychiatrist 
D)  social psychologist; health psychologist

Question 17

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Paul Solomon and his colleagues investigated the effects of the herb ginkgo biloba on memory, concentration, and other mental tasks. All participants in the study took a battery of cognitive tests at the beginning and end of the six-week study. The results showed that the test scores increased about the same for the participants in the experimental group as for the participants in the placebo control group. How is this best explained?

Accepted Answer

A)  The researchers did not use a double-blind technique in the study, and therefore the results may have been influenced by demand characteristics. 
B)  Because the researchers failed to use random assignment, the ginkgo biloba group may have had more "health conscious" participants than the placebo group, which may have biased the results. 
C)  From simply taking the cognitive tests twice, the participants in both groups experienced a practice effect that improved their test scores. 
D)  Because the test scores had improved by the end of the experiment, it can be concluded that ginkgo biloba significantly improves memory, alertness, concentration, and mental focus. 
A)  The researchers did not use a double-blind technique in the study, and therefore the results may have been influenced by demand characteristics. 
B)  Because the researchers failed to use random assignment, the ginkgo biloba group may have had more "health conscious" participants than the placebo group, which may have biased the results. 
C)  From simply taking the cognitive tests twice, the participants in both groups experienced a practice effect that improved their test scores. 
D)  Because the test scores had improved by the end of the experiment, it can be concluded that ginkgo biloba significantly improves memory, alertness, concentration, and mental focus.

Question 19

In an experiment, the dependent variable is:

Accepted Answer

A)  always equivalent to zero. 
B)  the factor that is measured for change and is influenced by the independent variable. 
C)  measured only in the control group participants. 
D)  deliberately manipulated by the researcher. 
A)  always equivalent to zero. 
B)  the factor that is measured for change and is influenced by the independent variable. 
C)  measured only in the control group participants. 
D)  deliberately manipulated by the researcher.

Question 20

Sports psychology uses psychological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation, performance, and consistency.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Extraneous variables are factors other than the ones being studied that, if not controlled, could affect the outcome of the experiment.

More so than any other male psychologist at that time, _____ helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University.

At the turn of the twentieth century, Ivan Pavlov founded developmental psychology with his pioneering studies of infants and young children.

The confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms a claim or belief, while ignoring evidence that contradicts or undermines the claim or belief.

For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _ of the individual or the environmental influences that _ the individual.

What percentage of psychological studies in any given year involves nonhuman animals as participants?

The independent variable in Crum and Langer's hotel experiment was being informed that housekeeping work was unhealthy and contributed to health problems.

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective assume that psychological processes are subject to the principle of:

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning?

What was the purpose of Crum and Langer's experiment, and how did they test their hypothesis?

Which one of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?

Most critical thinkers try to boil down an issue into its simplest components, frequently reducing a complex issue to an either/or kind of proposition.

In an experiment, the independent variable is the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in the dependent variable.

Cognitive psychology developed as a reaction against the use of computers in science and industry.

Dr. Mason and Dr. Jacobson both work in Minnesota in different cities. They both treat people with severe mental disorders. Dr. Mason cannot prescribe medications for his patients, but Dr. Jacobson frequently prescribes medications. Dr. Mason is probably a _, whereas Dr. Jacobson is probably a(n) _.

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is:

Sports psychology uses psychological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation, performance, and consistency.

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Learning

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

Exam 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Extraneous variables are factors other than the ones being studied that, if not controlled, could affect the outcome of the experiment.

More so than any other male psychologist at that time, _____ helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University.

At the turn of the twentieth century, Ivan Pavlov founded developmental psychology with his pioneering studies of infants and young children.

The confirmation bias is the tendency to seek out evidence that confirms a claim or belief, while ignoring evidence that contradicts or undermines the claim or belief.

For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of the individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual.

What percentage of psychological studies in any given year involves nonhuman animals as participants?

The independent variable in Crum and Langer's hotel experiment was being informed that housekeeping work was unhealthy and contributed to health problems.

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective assume that psychological processes are subject to the principle of:

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning?

What was the purpose of Crum and Langer's experiment, and how did they test their hypothesis?

Which one of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?

Most critical thinkers try to boil down an issue into its simplest components, frequently reducing a complex issue to an either/or kind of proposition.

In an experiment, the independent variable is the purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in the dependent variable.

Cognitive psychology developed as a reaction against the use of computers in science and industry.

Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

In an experiment, the dependent variable is:

Sports psychology uses psychological theory and knowledge to enhance athletic motivation, performance, and consistency.

Neuroscience and Behavior

Sensation and Perception

Consciousness and Its Variations

Learning

Memory

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Lifespan Development

Personality

Social Psychology

Stress, Health, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Filters

For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _ of the individual or the environmental influences that _ the individual.