Question 1

Rank the following processes with respect to their rate of evolution (from fastest to slowest).

Accepted Answer

A)  Synonymous substitutions,nonsynonymous substitutions,pseudogenes 
B)  Synonymous substitutions,pseudogenes,nonsynonymous substitutions 
C)  Pseudogenes,synonymous substitutions,nonsynonymous substitutions 
D)  Pseudogenes,nonsynonymous substitutions,synonymous substitutions 
E)  Nonsynonymous substitutions,synonymous substitutions,pseudogenes 
A)  Synonymous substitutions,nonsynonymous substitutions,pseudogenes 
B)  Synonymous substitutions,pseudogenes,nonsynonymous substitutions 
C)  Pseudogenes,synonymous substitutions,nonsynonymous substitutions 
D)  Pseudogenes,nonsynonymous substitutions,synonymous substitutions 
E)  Nonsynonymous substitutions,synonymous substitutions,pseudogenes

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions :
Suppose you have a population of flour beetles with 1,000 individuals.Normally the beetles are red;however,this population is polymorphic for a mutant autosomal body color,black,designated by bb.Red is dominant to black,so BB and Bb genotypes are red.Assume the population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium,with equal frequencies of the two alleles.
-What would be the allele frequencies if a population bottleneck occurred and only four individuals survived: one female red heterozygote and three black males?

Accepted Answer

A)  0.125 red;0.875 black 
B)  0.875 red;0.125 black 
C)  0.25 red;0.75 black 
D)  0.75 red;0.25 black 
E)  0.5 red;0.5 black 
A)  0.125 red;0.875 black 
B)  0.875 red;0.125 black 
C)  0.25 red;0.75 black 
D)  0.75 red;0.25 black 
E)  0.5 red;0.5 black

Question 3

The artificial selection experiments with bristle numbers in Drosophila illustrate which generality?

Accepted Answer

A)  In such experiments,it is difficult to obtain individuals with traits that fall outside the range found in the original population. 
B)  Populations often contain considerable genetic variation upon which selection can operate. 
C)  Such experiments usually take thousands of generations to achieve their results. 
D)  Mutations occur to suit the needs of the population. 
E)  Mutations are random with respect to the adaptive needs of organisms. 
A)  In such experiments,it is difficult to obtain individuals with traits that fall outside the range found in the original population. 
B)  Populations often contain considerable genetic variation upon which selection can operate. 
C)  Such experiments usually take thousands of generations to achieve their results. 
D)  Mutations occur to suit the needs of the population. 
E)  Mutations are random with respect to the adaptive needs of organisms.

Question 4

Use the following to answer questions :
Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300.
-Assuming that the mutation rate for a particular gene is $\mu$,the number of new mutations at this locus in this population is _______ × $\mu$.

Accepted Answer

A)  100 
B)  200 
C)  300 
D)  500 
E)  600 
A)  100 
B)  200 
C)  300 
D)  500 
E)  600

Question 5

Which statement about the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Compared with most flu viruses,the virus of the pandemic hit young adults particularly hard. 
B)  There were more deaths from this virus than there were combat deaths in World War I. 
C)  The virus often triggered an especially intense reaction in the immune system. 
D)  The virus was the product of evolution. 
E)  All of the above are true;none is false. 
A)  Compared with most flu viruses,the virus of the pandemic hit young adults particularly hard. 
B)  There were more deaths from this virus than there were combat deaths in World War I. 
C)  The virus often triggered an especially intense reaction in the immune system. 
D)  The virus was the product of evolution. 
E)  All of the above are true;none is false.

Question 6

The tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish is a toxin because it

Accepted Answer

A)  is a mutagen. 
B)  blocks sodium channels. 
C)  accelerates destruction by free radicals. 
D)  stops glucose metabolism. 
E)  accelerates heart rate. 
A)  is a mutagen. 
B)  blocks sodium channels. 
C)  accelerates destruction by free radicals. 
D)  stops glucose metabolism. 
E)  accelerates heart rate.

Question 7

Sexual reproduction makes natural selection _______ efficient by _______ the _______ of the number of deleterious mutations among individuals.

Accepted Answer

A)  more;increasing;mean 
B)  more;increasing;variance 
C)  more;decreasing;mean 
D)  less;increasing;mean 
E)  less;increasing;variance 
A)  more;increasing;mean 
B)  more;increasing;variance 
C)  more;decreasing;mean 
D)  less;increasing;mean 
E)  less;increasing;variance

Question 8

Assuming that there are only two alleles at a given locus,if the frequency of one allele is 0.6,what is the frequency of the other allele?

Accepted Answer

A)  -0.6 
B)  0 
C)  0.4 
D)  0.6 
E)  1 
A)  -0.6 
B)  0 
C)  0.4 
D)  0.6 
E)  1

Question 9

Which statement about genomes is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The genome sizes of all plants are smaller than those of all animals. 
B)  Humans have the largest genome size of all animals. 
C)  Most of the bacterial genome is noncoding. 
D)  The variation in genome size among animals is greater than the variation in the number of genes. 
E)  Most of the DNA in humans codes for proteins. 
A)  The genome sizes of all plants are smaller than those of all animals. 
B)  Humans have the largest genome size of all animals. 
C)  Most of the bacterial genome is noncoding. 
D)  The variation in genome size among animals is greater than the variation in the number of genes. 
E)  Most of the DNA in humans codes for proteins.

Question 10

Suppose you are a researcher in an influenza lab and your team has uncovered four strains that have evolved changes from last year's influenza virus.Strain A has evolved four changes in its surface proteins and three changes in its interior proteins.Strain B has evolved two changes in its surface proteins and seven changes in its interior proteins.Strain C has evolved six changes in its surface proteins and none in its interior proteins.Strain D has evolved only a single change in its surface proteins and none in its interior proteins.Assuming that all other factors are equal,which strain is most likely to be infectious?

Accepted Answer

A)  Strain A 
B)  Strain B 
C)  Strain C 
D)  Strain D 
E)  All of the strains are equally likely to be infectious. 
A)  Strain A 
B)  Strain B 
C)  Strain C 
D)  Strain D 
E)  All of the strains are equally likely to be infectious.

Question 11

In a sequence of DNA taken from various species of snails,researchers have found that the rates of nonsynonymous substitutions and synonymous substitutions are roughly the same.What can we infer from this pattern?

Accepted Answer

A)  This gene has a high mutation rate. 
B)  This gene has a low mutation rate. 
C)  Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene. 
D)  Strong positive selection is acting on this gene. 
E)  Most of the amino-acid substitutions at this gene are neutral. 
A)  This gene has a high mutation rate. 
B)  This gene has a low mutation rate. 
C)  Strong stabilizing selection is acting on this gene. 
D)  Strong positive selection is acting on this gene. 
E)  Most of the amino-acid substitutions at this gene are neutral.

Question 12

The term "_______" refers to the total body of work comprising the understanding and applications of a field of knowledge.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The term "_______" refers to the total...

Question 13

The fossil record shows a strong and persistent trend of decreased size of a mussel.What is the most likely cause of this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genetic drift 
B)  Mutation 
C)  Stabilizing selection 
D)  Disruptive selection 
E)  Directional selection 
A)  Genetic drift 
B)  Mutation 
C)  Stabilizing selection 
D)  Disruptive selection 
E)  Directional selection

Question 14

Which statement about Darwin is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Even as a youth,Darwin recognized that life evolves. 
B)  Darwin published his observations about evolution soon after the HMS Beagle arrived in England. 
C)  Darwin recognized that animals on the Galápagos Islands were all identical to those on the mainland. 
D)  Darwin had a keen interest in geology. 
E)  Darwin was the first to present evidence for evolution. 
A)  Even as a youth,Darwin recognized that life evolves. 
B)  Darwin published his observations about evolution soon after the HMS Beagle arrived in England. 
C)  Darwin recognized that animals on the Galápagos Islands were all identical to those on the mainland. 
D)  Darwin had a keen interest in geology. 
E)  Darwin was the first to present evidence for evolution.

Question 15

If the exchange of allele b1 for b2 at the b locus does not affect the fitness of individuals,these alleles can be considered _______ alleles.

Accepted Answer

A)  selected 
B)  neutral 
C)  neutered 
D)  missense 
E)  deleterious 
A)  selected 
B)  neutral 
C)  neutered 
D)  missense 
E)  deleterious

Question 16

Which statement about allele frequencies is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is possible to have a negative allele frequency. 
B)  Allele frequencies can be greater than 1 in some populations. 
C)  The sum of all allele frequencies is 0. 
D)  The sum of all allele frequencies is 1. 
E)  All alleles have the same frequency. 
A)  It is possible to have a negative allele frequency. 
B)  Allele frequencies can be greater than 1 in some populations. 
C)  The sum of all allele frequencies is 0. 
D)  The sum of all allele frequencies is 1. 
E)  All alleles have the same frequency.

Question 17

Researchers suspect that the gene FOXP2,which is involved in speech and cognition,has been under positive selection in the human lineage.Which observation would provide the strongest support for such a claim?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genotypes at this locus are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
B)  There is a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
C)  There is a lower rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
D)  The gene evolves following the molecular clock. 
E)  The gene is a pseudogene. 
A)  Genotypes at this locus are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
B)  There is a higher rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
C)  There is a lower rate of nonsynonymous substitutions than synonymous ones. 
D)  The gene evolves following the molecular clock. 
E)  The gene is a pseudogene.

Question 18

Which statement about the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It explains why dominant alleles favored by natural selection do not necessarily replace recessive alleles in a population. 
B)  It applies only to populations in which there is gene flow. 
C)  It assumes that populations are small. 
D)  It assumes that individuals prefer to mate with individuals with certain genotypes. 
E)  It predicts that the genotypic frequencies of a population will change even in the absence of evolutionary processes. 
A)  It explains why dominant alleles favored by natural selection do not necessarily replace recessive alleles in a population. 
B)  It applies only to populations in which there is gene flow. 
C)  It assumes that populations are small. 
D)  It assumes that individuals prefer to mate with individuals with certain genotypes. 
E)  It predicts that the genotypic frequencies of a population will change even in the absence of evolutionary processes.

Question 19

Why do most scientists and historians give Darwin more credit than Wallace regarding their contributions to evolutionary theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Darwin provided more extensive evidence in support of evolution. 
B)  Only Darwin provided a mechanism for evolution. 
C)  Wallace did not write his ideas down. 
D)  Wallace did not accept natural selection. 
E)  Alphabetical order;Darwin comes before Wallace. 
A)  Darwin provided more extensive evidence in support of evolution. 
B)  Only Darwin provided a mechanism for evolution. 
C)  Wallace did not write his ideas down. 
D)  Wallace did not accept natural selection. 
E)  Alphabetical order;Darwin comes before Wallace.

Question 20

Which event is least likely to occur after a gene duplication event?

Accepted Answer

A)  One gene retains its function,while the other becomes a pseudogene. 
B)  Both genes retain their function,but they are expressed in different tissues. 
C)  Both genes retain their function,but they are expressed at different times. 
D)  Both genes become pseudogenes. 
E)  One gene retains its function,while the other evolves to have a new function. 
A)  One gene retains its function,while the other becomes a pseudogene. 
B)  Both genes retain their function,but they are expressed in different tissues. 
C)  Both genes retain their function,but they are expressed at different times. 
D)  Both genes become pseudogenes. 
E)  One gene retains its function,while the other evolves to have a new function.

Exam 15: Processes of Evolution

Rank the following processes with respect to their rate of evolution (from fastest to slowest).

The artificial selection experiments with bristle numbers in Drosophila illustrate which generality?

Use the following to answer questions : Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300. -Assuming that the mutation rate for a particular gene is μ\muμ ,the number of new mutations at this locus in this population is _______ × μ\muμ .

Which statement about the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic is false?

The tetrodotoxin found in puffer fish is a toxin because it

Sexual reproduction makes natural selection _______ efficient by _______ the _______ of the number of deleterious mutations among individuals.

Assuming that there are only two alleles at a given locus,if the frequency of one allele is 0.6,what is the frequency of the other allele?

Which statement about genomes is true?

In a sequence of DNA taken from various species of snails,researchers have found that the rates of nonsynonymous substitutions and synonymous substitutions are roughly the same.What can we infer from this pattern?

The term "_______" refers to the total body of work comprising the understanding and applications of a field of knowledge.

The fossil record shows a strong and persistent trend of decreased size of a mussel.What is the most likely cause of this phenomenon?

Which statement about Darwin is true?

If the exchange of allele b1 for b2 at the b locus does not affect the fitness of individuals,these alleles can be considered _______ alleles.

Which statement about allele frequencies is true?

Researchers suspect that the gene FOXP2,which is involved in speech and cognition,has been under positive selection in the human lineage.Which observation would provide the strongest support for such a claim?

Which statement about the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is true?

Why do most scientists and historians give Darwin more credit than Wallace regarding their contributions to evolutionary theory?

Which event is least likely to occur after a gene duplication event?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters

Use the following to answer questions : Suppose the size of a population of marmots is 300. -Assuming that the mutation rate for a particular gene is $\mu$ ,the number of new mutations at this locus in this population is _______ × $\mu$ .

Sexual reproduction makes natural selection ___ efficient by _ the _____ of the number of deleterious mutations among individuals.