Question 1

Which of the following is responsible for the webbed feet of ducks?

Accepted Answer

A)  The lack of expression of the Gremlin gene in the webbing cells 
B)  The expression of the Gremlin gene in the webbing cells 
C)  An altered temporal expression pattern of the BMP4 gene in the webbing cells 
D)  An altered spatial expression pattern of the BMP4 gene in the webbing cells 
E)  The lack of expression of the BMP4 gene in the webbing cells 
A)  The lack of expression of the Gremlin gene in the webbing cells 
B)  The expression of the Gremlin gene in the webbing cells 
C)  An altered temporal expression pattern of the BMP4 gene in the webbing cells 
D)  An altered spatial expression pattern of the BMP4 gene in the webbing cells 
E)  The lack of expression of the BMP4 gene in the webbing cells B

Question 2

Which class of pattern formation genes is responsible for organizing broad areas along the anterior-posterior axis in the Drosophila embryo?

Accepted Answer

A)  Maternal effect genes 
B)  Gap genes 
C)  Pair rule genes 
D)  Segment polarity genes 
E)  Hox genes 
A)  Maternal effect genes 
B)  Gap genes 
C)  Pair rule genes 
D)  Segment polarity genes 
E)  Hox genes B

Question 3

In the nematode C.elegans embryo,an overabundance of active ced-3 in cells of the mid region would most likely lead to which result?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cells in that region would become more like those in a more anterior region. 
B)  The cells in that region would become more like those in a more posterior region. 
C)  There would be greater apoptosis in that region,which would lead to an overabundance of cells. 
D)  There would be greater apoptosis in that region,which would lead to a deficiency of cells. 
E)  There would be less cell death in that region,which would lead to an overabundance of cells. 
A)  The cells in that region would become more like those in a more anterior region. 
B)  The cells in that region would become more like those in a more posterior region. 
C)  There would be greater apoptosis in that region,which would lead to an overabundance of cells. 
D)  There would be greater apoptosis in that region,which would lead to a deficiency of cells. 
E)  There would be less cell death in that region,which would lead to an overabundance of cells. D

Question 4

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)can be used for cancer patients receiving cancer treatments that kill hematopoietic stem cells.If a patient is going to receive HSCT,

Accepted Answer

A)  hematopoietic stem cells are removed from the patient prior to cancer treatment and transplanted back into the patient following treatment. 
B)  the patient is treated for cancer,and then hematopoietic stem cells are harvested,grown in culture,and returned to the patient. 
C)  the patient's own hematopoietic stem cells are treated with radiation to clear them of cancer cells and are then transplanted back into the patient. 
D)  cancer cells are removed from the patient and grown with hematopoietic stem cells to sensitize the stem cells to the cancer.These cells are then transplanted back into the patient. 
E)  hematopoietic stem cells from a donor are transplanted into the patient prior to cancer treatment. 
A)  hematopoietic stem cells are removed from the patient prior to cancer treatment and transplanted back into the patient following treatment. 
B)  the patient is treated for cancer,and then hematopoietic stem cells are harvested,grown in culture,and returned to the patient. 
C)  the patient's own hematopoietic stem cells are treated with radiation to clear them of cancer cells and are then transplanted back into the patient. 
D)  cancer cells are removed from the patient and grown with hematopoietic stem cells to sensitize the stem cells to the cancer.These cells are then transplanted back into the patient. 
E)  hematopoietic stem cells from a donor are transplanted into the patient prior to cancer treatment.

Question 5

If you know that the Hox gene AbdB is expressed in the most posterior part of the abdomen in a Drosophila embryo,which conclusion about a homologous gene in humans would most likely be correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  There is no homologous gene in humans,because the evolutionary distance between humans and flies is so great. 
B)  The homologous gene in humans is expressed only in adults,not in human embryos. 
C)  The homologous gene is expressed in the head of human embryos. 
D)  The homologous gene is expressed throughout the human embryo in roughly equal amounts. 
E)  The homologous gene is expressed near the rump of the human embryo. 
A)  There is no homologous gene in humans,because the evolutionary distance between humans and flies is so great. 
B)  The homologous gene in humans is expressed only in adults,not in human embryos. 
C)  The homologous gene is expressed in the head of human embryos. 
D)  The homologous gene is expressed throughout the human embryo in roughly equal amounts. 
E)  The homologous gene is expressed near the rump of the human embryo.

Question 6

Which event(s)lead(s)to distinct patterns of gene expression within different cells of an embryo?

Accepted Answer

A)  Unequal distribution of genes among different cells,followed by induction 
B)  Cytoplasmic segregation and induction 
C)  Segregation of different chromosomes to different cells 
D)  Genomic equivalence among all the cells and morphogenesis 
E)  Segregation of yolk to the animal hemisphere 
A)  Unequal distribution of genes among different cells,followed by induction 
B)  Cytoplasmic segregation and induction 
C)  Segregation of different chromosomes to different cells 
D)  Genomic equivalence among all the cells and morphogenesis 
E)  Segregation of yolk to the animal hemisphere

Question 7

Which statement is a general principle of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Each group of animals is distinct in the regulatory molecules controlling the animals' development. 
B)  Embryonic development is protected from environmental influences. 
C)  A change in the timing of expression of particular genes during development is always lethal and is therefore not a mechanism for evolutionary change. 
D)  A change in the location of expression of particular genes during development can be a mechanism for evolutionary change. 
E)  Evolution does not act at the level of the embryo. 
A)  Each group of animals is distinct in the regulatory molecules controlling the animals' development. 
B)  Embryonic development is protected from environmental influences. 
C)  A change in the timing of expression of particular genes during development is always lethal and is therefore not a mechanism for evolutionary change. 
D)  A change in the location of expression of particular genes during development can be a mechanism for evolutionary change. 
E)  Evolution does not act at the level of the embryo.

Question 8

An increase in the concentration of MyoD would most likely lead to a(n)_______ of p21 expression,which would _______ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Accepted Answer

A)  increase;increase 
B)  decrease;decrease 
C)  decrease;increase 
D)  decrease;have no effect on 
E)  increase;decrease 
A)  increase;increase 
B)  decrease;decrease 
C)  decrease;increase 
D)  decrease;have no effect on 
E)  increase;decrease

Question 9

Which stage in plant development most closely resembles the blastula stage in animal development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Eight-celled embryo 
B)  Globular embryo 
C)  Heart embryo 
D)  Torpedo embryo 
E)  Gastrula 
A)  Eight-celled embryo 
B)  Globular embryo 
C)  Heart embryo 
D)  Torpedo embryo 
E)  Gastrula

Question 10

If you were to block expression of the LIN-3 gene in the early embryonic development of the nematode C.elegans,what would be the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells that normally would differentiate into the anus would remain epidermis. 
B)  More cells than normal would differentiate into the anus. 
C)  More cells than normal would become anchor cells. 
D)  Cells that normally would differentiate into epidermis would become vulval precursors. 
E)  Cells that normally would differentiate into vulval precursors would become epidermis. 
A)  Cells that normally would differentiate into the anus would remain epidermis. 
B)  More cells than normal would differentiate into the anus. 
C)  More cells than normal would become anchor cells. 
D)  Cells that normally would differentiate into epidermis would become vulval precursors. 
E)  Cells that normally would differentiate into vulval precursors would become epidermis.

Question 11

The primary inducer of the vulva in the embryo of the nematode C.elegans is secreted by the _______ cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary vulval precursor 
B)  anal 
C)  homeotic 
D)  anchor 
E)  epidermal 
A)  primary vulval precursor 
B)  anal 
C)  homeotic 
D)  anchor 
E)  epidermal

Question 12

Which series represents the correct chronological order of the developmental stages in animals such as the sea urchin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Embryo,larva,zygote 
B)  Embryo,zygote,larva 
C)  Zygote,larva,embryo 
D)  Zygote,embryo,larva 
E)  Larva,embryo,zygote 
A)  Embryo,larva,zygote 
B)  Embryo,zygote,larva 
C)  Zygote,larva,embryo 
D)  Zygote,embryo,larva 
E)  Larva,embryo,zygote

Question 13

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below showing a stage in limb development in a human embryo.  
-If the ZPA secreted more morphogen than normal,the most likely result would be

Accepted Answer

A)  two thumbs. 
B)  five thumbs. 
C)  five digits but no thumb. 
D)  no little finger. 
E)  no digits. 
A)  two thumbs. 
B)  five thumbs. 
C)  five digits but no thumb. 
D)  no little finger. 
E)  no digits.

Question 14

Refer to the figure below showing the distribution of cytoplasmic determinants within an embryo undergoing cleavage.If the cells are separated from one another,which cell or combination of cells will most likely to be able to form a complete but smaller than normal embryo?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cell 1 
B)  Cell 3 
C)  Cells 1 and 2 combined 
D)  Cells 3 and 4 combined 
E)  Cells 1 and 3 combined 
A)  Cell 1 
B)  Cell 3 
C)  Cells 1 and 2 combined 
D)  Cells 3 and 4 combined 
E)  Cells 1 and 3 combined

Question 15

If Ubx were expressed in the second thoracic segment in Drosophila,the fly would likely develop _______ on the second segment.

Accepted Answer

A)  a new set of wings 
B)  a larger set of wings 
C)  a set of halteres 
D)  eyes 
E)  antennae 
A)  a new set of wings 
B)  a larger set of wings 
C)  a set of halteres 
D)  eyes 
E)  antennae

Question 16

In your own body,which tissue is likely to contain the highest amount of multipotent stem cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bone marrow 
B)  Epidermis of the skin 
C)  Inner lining of the stomach 
D)  Nerves 
E)  Muscle 
A)  Bone marrow 
B)  Epidermis of the skin 
C)  Inner lining of the stomach 
D)  Nerves 
E)  Muscle

Question 17

A gene in Drosophila called even-skipped (eve)received its name because mutations in that gene often lead to embryos that are missing the even-numbered segments.Based on this information,even-skipped is most likely a _______ gene.

Accepted Answer

A)  maternal effect 
B)  gap 
C)  pair rule 
D)  segment polarity 
E)  Hox 
A)  maternal effect 
B)  gap 
C)  pair rule 
D)  segment polarity 
E)  Hox

Question 18

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to the figure below showing a stage in limb development in a human embryo.  
-The substance secreted by the ZPA is _______ and the concentration of this is lowest at the region labeled _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  the protein Sonic hedgehog;2 
B)  the Shh gene;2 
C)  the transcription factor that turns on the Shh gene;1 
D)  the ZPA1 protein;2 
E)  the protein product of the zone of polarizing activity;1 
A)  the protein Sonic hedgehog;2 
B)  the Shh gene;2 
C)  the transcription factor that turns on the Shh gene;1 
D)  the ZPA1 protein;2 
E)  the protein product of the zone of polarizing activity;1

Question 19

If Gremlin expression were reduced in the cells that give rise to feet in ducks,

Accepted Answer

A)  the feet would be much smaller due to a heterochronic shift. 
B)  the feet would be much larger due to a heterochronic shift. 
C)  the feet would be more webbed than normal. 
D)  the feet would be less webbed than normal. 
E)  winglike structures would appear where the feet ordinarily would be. 
A)  the feet would be much smaller due to a heterochronic shift. 
B)  the feet would be much larger due to a heterochronic shift. 
C)  the feet would be more webbed than normal. 
D)  the feet would be less webbed than normal. 
E)  winglike structures would appear where the feet ordinarily would be.

Question 20

If an eight-cell sea urchin embryo is bisected horizontally,relative to its animal-vegetal axis,

Accepted Answer

A)  both halves will develop into normal,but small,sea urchins. 
B)  the top half will not develop,while the bottom half will produce a small sea urchin. 
C)  the top half will not develop,while the bottom half will produce an abnormal half sea urchin. 
D)  the bottom half will not develop,while the top half will produce an abnormal sea urchin. 
E)  the bottom half will not develop,while the top half will produce a small,but normal,sea urchin. 
A)  both halves will develop into normal,but small,sea urchins. 
B)  the top half will not develop,while the bottom half will produce a small sea urchin. 
C)  the top half will not develop,while the bottom half will produce an abnormal half sea urchin. 
D)  the bottom half will not develop,while the top half will produce an abnormal sea urchin. 
E)  the bottom half will not develop,while the top half will produce a small,but normal,sea urchin.

Exam 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution

Which of the following is responsible for the webbed feet of ducks?

Which class of pattern formation genes is responsible for organizing broad areas along the anterior-posterior axis in the Drosophila embryo?

In the nematode C.elegans embryo,an overabundance of active ced-3 in cells of the mid region would most likely lead to which result?

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)can be used for cancer patients receiving cancer treatments that kill hematopoietic stem cells.If a patient is going to receive HSCT,

If you know that the Hox gene AbdB is expressed in the most posterior part of the abdomen in a Drosophila embryo,which conclusion about a homologous gene in humans would most likely be correct?

Which event(s)lead(s)to distinct patterns of gene expression within different cells of an embryo?

Which statement is a general principle of evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo)?

An increase in the concentration of MyoD would most likely lead to a(n)_______ of p21 expression,which would _______ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Which stage in plant development most closely resembles the blastula stage in animal development?

If you were to block expression of the LIN-3 gene in the early embryonic development of the nematode C.elegans,what would be the most likely result?

The primary inducer of the vulva in the embryo of the nematode C.elegans is secreted by the _______ cell.

Which series represents the correct chronological order of the developmental stages in animals such as the sea urchin?

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the figure below showing a stage in limb development in a human embryo. -If the ZPA secreted more morphogen than normal,the most likely result would be

Refer to the figure below showing the distribution of cytoplasmic determinants within an embryo undergoing cleavage.If the cells are separated from one another,which cell or combination of cells will most likely to be able to form a complete but smaller than normal embryo?

If Ubx were expressed in the second thoracic segment in Drosophila,the fly would likely develop _______ on the second segment.

In your own body,which tissue is likely to contain the highest amount of multipotent stem cells?

A gene in Drosophila called even-skipped (eve)received its name because mutations in that gene often lead to embryos that are missing the even-numbered segments.Based on this information,even-skipped is most likely a _______ gene.

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the figure below showing a stage in limb development in a human embryo. -The substance secreted by the ZPA is _______ and the concentration of this is lowest at the region labeled _______.

If Gremlin expression were reduced in the cells that give rise to feet in ducks,

If an eight-cell sea urchin embryo is bisected horizontally,relative to its animal-vegetal axis,

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters

An increase in the concentration of MyoD would most likely lead to a(n)_ of p21 expression,which would _ the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs).

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the figure below showing a stage in limb development in a human embryo. -The substance secreted by the ZPA is _ and the concentration of this is lowest at the region labeled _.