Question 1

Which statement about the evolution of development is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Evolution by natural selection "works" like a tinker,assembling new structures by combining and modifying available materials. 
B)  Nearly all evolutionary innovations are the result of modifications of previously existing mechanisms and structures. 
C)  The genes that control development are highly conserved. 
D)  Natural selection can act on any signaling pathway that affects development. 
E)  Because modifications of developmental sequences are usually lethal,natural selection does not act on mutations that alter development. 
A)  Evolution by natural selection "works" like a tinker,assembling new structures by combining and modifying available materials. 
B)  Nearly all evolutionary innovations are the result of modifications of previously existing mechanisms and structures. 
C)  The genes that control development are highly conserved. 
D)  Natural selection can act on any signaling pathway that affects development. 
E)  Because modifications of developmental sequences are usually lethal,natural selection does not act on mutations that alter development.

Question 2

You are working with salamander embryos in the early gastrula stage and transplant cells destined to become neural tissue to a region that would normally form epidermis.As the embryo develops further,you find that the transplanted cells form epidermis instead of neural tissue.You repeat the experiment on a late-stage gastrula and find that as the embryo develops further,the transplanted cells form neural tissue.From these results,you can conclude that the cells being transplanted

Accepted Answer

A)  were differentiated prior to the time they were transplanted in each experiment. 
B)  were determined to form neural tissue prior to the early gastrula stage. 
C)  underwent morphogenesis between the early and late gastrula stages. 
D)  became determined to become neural tissue between the early and late gastrula stages. 
E)  differentiated into neural tissue between the early and late gastrula stages. 
A)  were differentiated prior to the time they were transplanted in each experiment. 
B)  were determined to form neural tissue prior to the early gastrula stage. 
C)  underwent morphogenesis between the early and late gastrula stages. 
D)  became determined to become neural tissue between the early and late gastrula stages. 
E)  differentiated into neural tissue between the early and late gastrula stages.

Question 3

In amphibian eggs,yolk is concentrated in the vegetal half of the fertilized eggs,and the presence of this yolk slows down cell division.Based on this observation,which statement is most likely to be true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cells in the vegetal half of the embryo will be larger than those in the animal half. 
B)  Cells in the vegetal half of the embryo will be smaller than those in the animal half. 
C)  Cells in the animal half and vegetal half of the embryo will be the same size. 
D)  Amphibian eggs lack polarity. 
E)  Only the animal half of the egg will go through cell division;the vegetal half will remain undivided. 
A)  Cells in the vegetal half of the embryo will be larger than those in the animal half. 
B)  Cells in the vegetal half of the embryo will be smaller than those in the animal half. 
C)  Cells in the animal half and vegetal half of the embryo will be the same size. 
D)  Amphibian eggs lack polarity. 
E)  Only the animal half of the egg will go through cell division;the vegetal half will remain undivided.

Question 4

Which statement best describes the relationship between modularity and heterochrony?

Accepted Answer

A)  Heterochrony allows for modularity. 
B)  Heterochrony inhibits the evolution of modularity. 
C)  Modularity permits evolutionary changes that involve heterochrony. 
D)  Modularity inhibits evolutionary changes that involve heterochrony. 
E)  Modularity has no effect on the likelihood of evolution through heterochrony. 
A)  Heterochrony allows for modularity. 
B)  Heterochrony inhibits the evolution of modularity. 
C)  Modularity permits evolutionary changes that involve heterochrony. 
D)  Modularity inhibits evolutionary changes that involve heterochrony. 
E)  Modularity has no effect on the likelihood of evolution through heterochrony.

Question 5

As the plant Arabidopsis develops,four whorls of cells create the organs of the flowers.The innermost whorl (whorl 4)produces

Accepted Answer

A)  carpels. 
B)  petals. 
C)  stamens. 
D)  sepals. 
E)  petals and stamens. 
A)  carpels. 
B)  petals. 
C)  stamens. 
D)  sepals. 
E)  petals and stamens.

Question 6

If you wanted to study embryonic wing development in bats but didn't have access to them,which species would provide the best model for your study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Drosophila 
B)  Butterfly 
C)  Pterosaur 
D)  Chick 
E)  Flying squirrel 
A)  Drosophila 
B)  Butterfly 
C)  Pterosaur 
D)  Chick 
E)  Flying squirrel

Question 7

Which statement about the cloning of Dolly the sheep is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  It established the totipotency of germ cells. 
B)  Dolly,like all cloned animals,was sterile. 
C)  Three different sheep were involved;one provided the nuclear material,one supplied the egg,and one served as the surrogate mother. 
D)  The process involved inducing a mammary gland cell to give rise to a complete embryo. 
E)  It verified that nuclei from differentiated animal cells carry different DNA than the nucleus of the original zygote from which the animal developed. 
A)  It established the totipotency of germ cells. 
B)  Dolly,like all cloned animals,was sterile. 
C)  Three different sheep were involved;one provided the nuclear material,one supplied the egg,and one served as the surrogate mother. 
D)  The process involved inducing a mammary gland cell to give rise to a complete embryo. 
E)  It verified that nuclei from differentiated animal cells carry different DNA than the nucleus of the original zygote from which the animal developed.

Question 8

Refer to the diagram showing the sequence of inductions in the embryonic development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.According to the diagram,you could most likely convert a cell that was supposed to be a secondary vulval precursor cell into an epidermal cell by

Accepted Answer

A)  adding primary inducer. 
B)  reducing the amount of primary inducer. 
C)  adding secondary inducer. 
D)  reducing the amount of secondary inducer. 
E)  adding a second anchor cell. 
A)  adding primary inducer. 
B)  reducing the amount of primary inducer. 
C)  adding secondary inducer. 
D)  reducing the amount of secondary inducer. 
E)  adding a second anchor cell.

Question 9

Which of the following would most likely lead to the development of two heads in a Drosophila embryo,one at each end?

Accepted Answer

A)  Injecting Nanos protein into the posterior region of the egg 
B)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the anterior region of the egg 
C)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the posterior region of the egg 
D)  Injecting the posterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the anterior region of another wild-type egg 
E)  Injecting the anterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the posterior region of another wild-type egg 
A)  Injecting Nanos protein into the posterior region of the egg 
B)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the anterior region of the egg 
C)  Knocking out the expression of the bicoid gene in the posterior region of the egg 
D)  Injecting the posterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the anterior region of another wild-type egg 
E)  Injecting the anterior region of the egg with cytoplasm from the posterior region of another wild-type egg

Question 10

Which statement about development in the fruit fly Drosophila is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The fates of cells in different segments of the larva are determined before morphological differences are apparent. 
B)  Cell membranes impede the diffusion of morphogens in the early embryo. 
C)  Wings develop from segments in the abdomen. 
D)  The abdomen is more anterior than the thorax. 
E)  The fate of all cells forming adult structures is determined in the pupal stage. 
A)  The fates of cells in different segments of the larva are determined before morphological differences are apparent. 
B)  Cell membranes impede the diffusion of morphogens in the early embryo. 
C)  Wings develop from segments in the abdomen. 
D)  The abdomen is more anterior than the thorax. 
E)  The fate of all cells forming adult structures is determined in the pupal stage.

Question 11

In plants,the cells at the tips of growing roots and stems contain meristems,which are _______ cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  differentiated 
B)  dedifferentiated 
C)  pluripotent 
D)  unipotent 
E)  multipotent 
A)  differentiated 
B)  dedifferentiated 
C)  pluripotent 
D)  unipotent 
E)  multipotent

Question 12

Suppose a laboratory is engaged in genetically modifying a plant to increase the size of its fruit (its carpels).Assuming that organ identity genes play the same roles in this plant that they do in Arabidopsis,_______ the domain of expression of genes in class _______ would most likely yield an increase in fruit size.

Accepted Answer

A)  increasing;A 
B)  decreasing;A 
C)  increasing;B 
D)  decreasing;B 
E)  decreasing;C 
A)  increasing;A 
B)  decreasing;A 
C)  increasing;B 
D)  decreasing;B 
E)  decreasing;C

Question 13

A cell that is able to give rise to every cell in the adult body is called a _______ cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  determined 
B)  pluripotent 
C)  totipotent 
D)  multipotent 
E)  differentiated 
A)  determined 
B)  pluripotent 
C)  totipotent 
D)  multipotent 
E)  differentiated

Question 14

Which sequence represents the correct cascade of gene action in determining the pattern of segmentation in Drosophila?

Accepted Answer

A)  Segment polarity,pair rule,gap 
B)  Gap,segment polarity,pair rule 
C)  Gap,pair rule,segment polarity 
D)  Hox,pair rule,segment polarity 
E)  Segment polarity,pair rule,maternal effect 
A)  Segment polarity,pair rule,gap 
B)  Gap,segment polarity,pair rule 
C)  Gap,pair rule,segment polarity 
D)  Hox,pair rule,segment polarity 
E)  Segment polarity,pair rule,maternal effect

Exam 14: Genes, Development, and Evolution

Which statement about the evolution of development is false?

In amphibian eggs,yolk is concentrated in the vegetal half of the fertilized eggs,and the presence of this yolk slows down cell division.Based on this observation,which statement is most likely to be true?

Which statement best describes the relationship between modularity and heterochrony?

As the plant Arabidopsis develops,four whorls of cells create the organs of the flowers.The innermost whorl (whorl 4)produces

If you wanted to study embryonic wing development in bats but didn't have access to them,which species would provide the best model for your study?

Which statement about the cloning of Dolly the sheep is true?

Refer to the diagram showing the sequence of inductions in the embryonic development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.According to the diagram,you could most likely convert a cell that was supposed to be a secondary vulval precursor cell into an epidermal cell by

Which of the following would most likely lead to the development of two heads in a Drosophila embryo,one at each end?

Which statement about development in the fruit fly Drosophila is true?

In plants,the cells at the tips of growing roots and stems contain meristems,which are _______ cells.

A cell that is able to give rise to every cell in the adult body is called a _______ cell.

Which sequence represents the correct cascade of gene action in determining the pattern of segmentation in Drosophila?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters