Question 1

The Big Five trait dimensions were identified by means of

Accepted Answer

A)  the MMPI. 
B)  free association. 
C)  projective tests. 
D)  factor analysis. 
A)  the MMPI. 
B)  free association. 
C)  projective tests. 
D)  factor analysis.

Question 2

Some sexually active undergraduate women do not consistently use contraceptives because they see themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than most other undergraduate women. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  low self-esteem. 
B)  displacement. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  unrealistic optimism. 
A)  low self-esteem. 
B)  displacement. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  unrealistic optimism.

Question 3

The Big Five personality factors are

Accepted Answer

A)  emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control. 
B)  neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity. 
C)  neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness. 
D)  emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness. 
A)  emotional stability, openness, introversion, sociability, locus of control. 
B)  neuroticism, extraversion, openness, emotional stability, sensitivity. 
C)  neuroticism, gregariousness, extraversion, impulsiveness, conscientiousness. 
D)  emotional stability, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness.

Question 4

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently

Accepted Answer

A)  more critical of others. 
B)  less critical of others. 
C)  more likely to display self-serving bias. 
D)  less likely to display self-serving bias. 
A)  more critical of others. 
B)  less critical of others. 
C)  more likely to display self-serving bias. 
D)  less likely to display self-serving bias.

Question 5

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called

Accepted Answer

A)  free association. 
B)  self-actualization. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  reaction formation. 
A)  free association. 
B)  self-actualization. 
C)  reciprocal determinism. 
D)  reaction formation.

Question 6

Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of

Accepted Answer

A)  free association. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  an external locus of control. 
A)  free association. 
B)  unconditional positive regard. 
C)  the spotlight effect. 
D)  an external locus of control.

Question 7

Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions, she would be classified as

Accepted Answer

A)  unstable-introverted. 
B)  manic-depressive. 
C)  external-dependent. 
D)  passive-aggressive. 
A)  unstable-introverted. 
B)  manic-depressive. 
C)  external-dependent. 
D)  passive-aggressive.

Question 8

Narcissism is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  less gambling and less cheating. 
B)  less gambling and more cheating. 
C)  more gambling and less cheating. 
D)  more gambling and more cheating. 
A)  less gambling and less cheating. 
B)  less gambling and more cheating. 
C)  more gambling and less cheating. 
D)  more gambling and more cheating.

Question 9

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

Accepted Answer

A)  overestimate; underestimate 
B)  underestimate; overestimate 
C)  overestimate; overestimate 
D)  underestimate; underestimate 
A)  overestimate; underestimate 
B)  underestimate; overestimate 
C)  overestimate; overestimate 
D)  underestimate; underestimate

Question 10

Throughout a National Football League season, fans of all teams guessed on average (across teams and weeks) that their own team stood about a 2 in 3 chance of winning their next game. This best illustrated

Accepted Answer

A)  positive psychology. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  illusory optimism. 
D)  an external locus of control. 
A)  positive psychology. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  illusory optimism. 
D)  an external locus of control.

Question 11

Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

Accepted Answer

A)  openness. 
B)  neuroticism. 
C)  agreeableness. 
D)  conscientiousness. 
A)  openness. 
B)  neuroticism. 
C)  agreeableness. 
D)  conscientiousness.

Question 12

A major criticism of trait theory is that it

Accepted Answer

A)  places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences. 
B)  overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations. 
C)  underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development. 
D)  places too great an emphasis on positive traits. 
A)  places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences. 
B)  overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations. 
C)  underestimates the importance of heredity in personality development. 
D)  places too great an emphasis on positive traits.

Question 13

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others. 
B)  People with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction. 
C)  People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists. 
D)  People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia. 
A)  People with low self-esteem tend to be negative about others. 
B)  People with high self-esteem are less prone to drug addiction. 
C)  People with low self-esteem tend to be nonconformists. 
D)  People with high self-esteem suffer less from insomnia.

Question 14

The Eysencks believed that extraversion and emotionality are

Accepted Answer

A)  psychosexual stages. 
B)  reciprocal determinants. 
C)  genetically influenced. 
D)  aspects of self-esteem. 
A)  psychosexual stages. 
B)  reciprocal determinants. 
C)  genetically influenced. 
D)  aspects of self-esteem.

Question 15

Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that

Accepted Answer

A)  world events are largely controlled by a few powerful people. 
B)  an excess of personal freedom decreases life satisfaction. 
C)  individuals can influence their own outcomes in life. 
D)  self-control grows permanently weaker with exercise. 
A)  world events are largely controlled by a few powerful people. 
B)  an excess of personal freedom decreases life satisfaction. 
C)  individuals can influence their own outcomes in life. 
D)  self-control grows permanently weaker with exercise.

Question 16

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  projective personality test. 
B)  empirically derived and objective personality test. 
C)  personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants. 
D)  personality test used primarily to assess locus of control. 
A)  projective personality test. 
B)  empirically derived and objective personality test. 
C)  personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants. 
D)  personality test used primarily to assess locus of control.

Question 17

Sheen is usually animated and talkative when he is with his girlfriend, but he is often quiet and reserved at home. He actively participates in many class discussions but frequently seems reluctant to talk with friends at the campus coffee shop. Sheen's behavior should make us more cautious about overemphasizing the impact of ________ on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  personality traits 
B)  self-actualization 
C)  reciprocal determinism 
D)  defense mechanisms 
A)  personality traits 
B)  self-actualization 
C)  reciprocal determinism 
D)  defense mechanisms

Question 18

Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  the Barnum effect. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  the false consensus effect. 
D)  unrealistic optimism. 
A)  the Barnum effect. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  the false consensus effect. 
D)  unrealistic optimism.

Question 19

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  an inferiority complex. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  learned helplessness. 
D)  an internal locus of control. 
A)  an inferiority complex. 
B)  the spotlight effect. 
C)  learned helplessness. 
D)  an internal locus of control.

Question 20

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of

Accepted Answer

A)  openness. 
B)  narcissism. 
C)  free association. 
D)  unconditional positive regard. 
A)  openness. 
B)  narcissism. 
C)  free association. 
D)  unconditional positive regard.

Exam 42: Trait Theories, Social-Cognitive Theories, and the Self

The Big Five trait dimensions were identified by means of

Some sexually active undergraduate women do not consistently use contraceptives because they see themselves as less vulnerable to unwanted pregnancy than most other undergraduate women. This best illustrates

The Big Five personality factors are

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently

The social-cognitive perspective highlights the interaction of personal traits with our environment, a process that Albert Bandura called

Laura fails to recognize any connection between her unsafe sexual practices and the likelihood of contracting a sexually transmitted infection. Laura's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of

Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysencks' basic personality dimensions, she would be classified as

Narcissism is associated with

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to ________ the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to ________ the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.

Throughout a National Football League season, fans of all teams guessed on average (across teams and weeks) that their own team stood about a 2 in 3 chance of winning their next game. This best illustrated

Emotional instability is most closely related to the Big Five trait dimension of

A major criticism of trait theory is that it

Which of the following statements about self-esteem is NOT correct?

The Eysencks believed that extraversion and emotionality are

Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n)

Students perceive themselves as less likely than the average classmate to develop drinking problems or drop out of school. This best illustrates

After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates

Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses high levels of

The Story of Psychology

A: the Story of Psychology

Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

A: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science

Research Strategies

A: Research Strategies

Neural and Hormonal Systems

A: Neural and Hormonal Systems

Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures

A: Tools of Discovery and Older Brain Structures

The Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain

A: the Cerebral Cortex and Our Divided Brain

Brain States and Consciousness

A: Brain States and Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

A: Sleep and Dreams

Hypnosis

A: Hypnosis

Drugs and Consciousness

A: Drugs and Consciousness

Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

A: Behavior Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology

Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences

A: Culture, Gender, and Other Environmental Influences

Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development

A: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development

Infancy and Childhood

A: Infancy and Childhood

Adolescence

A: Adolescence

Adulthood

A: Adulthood

Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

A: Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

Vision and Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

A: Vision and Perceptual Organization and Interpretation

The Nonvisual Senses

A: the Nonvisual Senses

Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning

A: Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

A: Operant Conditioning

Effects of Biology and Cognition

A: Effects of Biology and Cognition

Studying and Building Memories

A: Studying and Building Memories

Storage- Retaining Information in the Brain

A: Storage A: Retaining Information in the Brain

Retrieval

A: Retrieval

Forgetting, Memory Construction

A: Forgetting, Memory Construction

Thinking

A: Thinking

Language and Thought

A: Language and Thought

Introduction to Intelligence

A: Introduction to Intelligence

Assessing Intelligence

A: Assessing Intelligence

If we are nervous about our personal appearance after adopting a new hairstyle, we are likely to the extent to which others notice our nervousness and we are likely to the extent to which they notice our new hairstyle.