Exam 42: Trait Theories, Social-Cognitive Theories, and the Self

Seligman has found that humans and animals who are exposed to aversive events they cannot escape may develop

Sheryl is very outgoing and fun-loving. She prefers to be around other people most of the time. She most clearly ranks high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be of pivotal importance to personality.

Compared with those who perceive an external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to

People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in ________ during their twenties.

A consistent tendency to be shy is best described as a(n)

Studies of college students' conscientiousness revealed only a modest relationship between a student being conscientious on one occasion and being similarly conscientious on another occasion. This should make psychologists more cautious about overestimating the impact of ________ on behavior.

In every one of the 53 countries surveyed, people typically expressed self-esteem above the midpoint of the most widely used self-esteem scale. This best illustrates the pervasiveness of

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classifies people according to personality types identified by

Unlike country, pop, and religious music lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as

By selective breeding, researchers can produce bold or shy birds. This best illustrates that some personality differences among birds are

When Vanessa noticed that she was wearing mismatched socks, she overestimated the extent to which others would also notice. Her reaction best illustrates

Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a ________ personality description.

The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our

In assessing candidates for spy missions during World War II, U.S. Army psychologists subjected them to simulated undercover conditions. This best illustrates the use of an assessment strategy favored by ________ theories.

Some contemporary researchers are focusing their work on

Although she is intelligent and a good athlete, Abigail believes that her low grades in school and losing the quarter-mile race are reflections of her own intellectual and athletic incompetence. Her conclusion best illustrates

Research on self-perception indicates that most people

Overestimating the extent to which others notice and evaluate our appearance and performance is called

Although Rolf frequently cheats on classroom tests, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other students cheat even more than he does. His mistaken belief best illustrates