Question 1

ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from to produce ATP.

Accepted Answer

A) complex IV 
B) the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
C) complex I 
D) the sodium gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
E) the phosphorylation of cytochromes 
A) complex IV 
B) the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
C) complex I 
D) the sodium gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane 
E) the phosphorylation of cytochromes

Question 2

During end- product inhibition,

Accepted Answer

A) the product of the rate- limiting step of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via covalent regulation. 
B) the product of the rate- limiting step of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via allosteric regulation. 
C) the final product of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via allosteric regulation. 
D) the final product of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via covalent regulation. 
E) the initial substrate of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via allosteric regulation. 
A) the product of the rate- limiting step of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via covalent regulation. 
B) the product of the rate- limiting step of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via allosteric regulation. 
C) the final product of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via allosteric regulation. 
D) the final product of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via covalent regulation. 
E) the initial substrate of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction inhibits the rate- limiting enzyme via allosteric regulation.

Question 3

In the presence of oxygen, the process of glycolysis produces which of the following products?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 glycerol 
B) 2 lactate 
C) 1 lactate 
D) 1 pyruvate 
E) 2 pyruvate 
A) 2 glycerol 
B) 2 lactate 
C) 1 lactate 
D) 1 pyruvate 
E) 2 pyruvate

Question 4

Chemical reactions that involve the breaking of a phosphate bond are called reactions.

Accepted Answer

A) reduction 
B) condensation 
C) oxidation 
D) dephosphorylation 
E) phosphorylation 
A) reduction 
B) condensation 
C) oxidation 
D) dephosphorylation 
E) phosphorylation

Question 5

Where within the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?

Accepted Answer

A) inner mitochondrial membrane 
B) nucleus 
C) cytosol 
D) rough ER 
E) mitochondrial matrix 
A) inner mitochondrial membrane 
B) nucleus 
C) cytosol 
D) rough ER 
E) mitochondrial matrix

Question 6

The rates of chemical reactions are important to their biological function. Describe the factors that can affect reaction rates and how these changes are mediated. (Do not include enzymes in this discussion.)

Accepted Answer

The rate of a reaction can be expressed

Question 7

Many drugs are manufactured that tend to bind to an enzyme's active site more quickly than the substrate the enzyme normally binds. What quality allows the drug to be attracted to the active site more readily than the substrate?

Accepted Answer

A) competition 
B) the lock- and- key model 
C) chemical specificity 
D) affinity 
E) saturation 
A) competition 
B) the lock- and- key model 
C) chemical specificity 
D) affinity 
E) saturation

Question 8

Which of the following is the reduced form: FAD or FADH2?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following is the reduced...

Question 9

Any nutrient that is not synthesized by the body and must, therefore, be acquired through the diet is a(n)_ nutrient.

Accepted Answer

A) consumptive 
B) secondary 
C) primary 
D) essential 
E) non- essential 
A) consumptive 
B) secondary 
C) primary 
D) essential 
E) non- essential

Question 10

A drug that blocks the active site of an enzyme and does not allow a product to be produced is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) feedback inhibitor. 
B) covalent regulator. 
C) allosteric inhibitor. 
D) protein kinase. 
E) allosteric activator. 
A) feedback inhibitor. 
B) covalent regulator. 
C) allosteric inhibitor. 
D) protein kinase. 
E) allosteric activator.

Question 11

Refer to Scenario 3.1. Tony was breathing heavily but still able to walk to the finish line. Why?

Accepted Answer

A) Even though he had used all of his energy, he was able to produce a small amount of ATP via gluconeogenesis. However, the effort to do so caused him to breathe heavily. 
B) Tony was breathing heavily because he needed to release the heat generated through metabolism. Because he was overheated, he had to walk. 
C) Tony was breathing heavily because he was trying to get enough oxygen to his tissues to start producing ATP again. He was able to walk because he still had enough oxygen getting to his brain to keep him conscious. 
D) Tony was breathing heavily because he was trying to get enough oxygen to his tissues to start producing ATP again in large amounts. He was still able to walk because, even though he lacked oxygen at the end of his electron transport chain, he was still producing a small amount of ATP via glycolysis. 
E) None of the answers is correct. 
A) Even though he had used all of his energy, he was able to produce a small amount of ATP via gluconeogenesis. However, the effort to do so caused him to breathe heavily. 
B) Tony was breathing heavily because he needed to release the heat generated through metabolism. Because he was overheated, he had to walk. 
C) Tony was breathing heavily because he was trying to get enough oxygen to his tissues to start producing ATP again. He was able to walk because he still had enough oxygen getting to his brain to keep him conscious. 
D) Tony was breathing heavily because he was trying to get enough oxygen to his tissues to start producing ATP again in large amounts. He was still able to walk because, even though he lacked oxygen at the end of his electron transport chain, he was still producing a small amount of ATP via glycolysis. 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Question 12

The rate at which an enzyme- catalyzed reaction occurs can be increased by

Accepted Answer

A) decreasing substrate concentration. 
B) changing the enzyme's conformation, thereby reducing its affinity for the substrate. 
C) decreasing temperature. 
D) increasing enzyme concentration. 
E) releasing the cofactor that was bound to the enzyme. 
A) decreasing substrate concentration. 
B) changing the enzyme's conformation, thereby reducing its affinity for the substrate. 
C) decreasing temperature. 
D) increasing enzyme concentration. 
E) releasing the cofactor that was bound to the enzyme.

Question 13

Refer to Scenario 3.1. Could Tony's excitement before the race have caused him to become fatigued toward the end of the race?

Accepted Answer

A) No; due to homeostatic mechanisms, metabolism remains constant at all times. 
B) No; the excess heat produced in his body would have sped up his reaction rates, causing him to run faster. 
C) Yes; because of his excitement, his breathing rate increased and he probably hyperventilated before the race, causing him to be tired. 
D) Yes; his excitement created more demand for oxygen from his vital organs and tissues, therefore using up that oxygen to produce energy that he needed for the race. 
E) No; the body has many ways to produce energy and, therefore, never runs out. 
A) No; due to homeostatic mechanisms, metabolism remains constant at all times. 
B) No; the excess heat produced in his body would have sped up his reaction rates, causing him to run faster. 
C) Yes; because of his excitement, his breathing rate increased and he probably hyperventilated before the race, causing him to be tired. 
D) Yes; his excitement created more demand for oxygen from his vital organs and tissues, therefore using up that oxygen to produce energy that he needed for the race. 
E) No; the body has many ways to produce energy and, therefore, never runs out.

Question 14

Glycogenolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

In a reduction reaction, which of the following is most likely added to the reactants?

Accepted Answer

A) water 
B) phosphate 
C) oxygen 
D) electrons 
E) neutrons 
A) water 
B) phosphate 
C) oxygen 
D) electrons 
E) neutrons

Question 16

Decreasing temperatures will the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby the reaction rate.

Accepted Answer

A) increase : decreasing 
B) not alter : not changing 
C) decrease : decreasing 
D) not alter : increasing 
E) increase : increasing 
A) increase : decreasing 
B) not alter : not changing 
C) decrease : decreasing 
D) not alter : increasing 
E) increase : increasing

Question 17

Protein kinases target phosphorylation in covalent regulation reactions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Which of the following statements about chemical equilibrium is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) At equilibrium, the concentration of products equals the concentration of reactants. 
B) At equilibrium, the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants. 
C) Adding an enzyme will not alter the equilibrium. 
D) Increasing the amount of reactant will increase the production of product. 
E) Decreasing the amount of product will increase the production of product. 
A) At equilibrium, the concentration of products equals the concentration of reactants. 
B) At equilibrium, the rate of formation of products equals the rate of formation of reactants. 
C) Adding an enzyme will not alter the equilibrium. 
D) Increasing the amount of reactant will increase the production of product. 
E) Decreasing the amount of product will increase the production of product.

Question 19

As the energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier increases, the reaction rate will

Accepted Answer

A) remain unaltered. 
B) depend solely upon temperature. 
C) decrease. 
D) occur more frequently. 
E) increase. 
A) remain unaltered. 
B) depend solely upon temperature. 
C) decrease. 
D) occur more frequently. 
E) increase.

Question 20

Refer to Scenario 3.1. How could niacin supplementation have helped Tony during the race?

Accepted Answer

A) Niacin is an important protein found in muscle cells. 
B) High concentrations of niacin in the system can cause vomiting, which is good for you before a long race as it helps you lose weight. 
C) Niacin is an important coenzyme known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD, a derivative of vitamin B3, which is a necessary energy- storing molecule required to produce the maximum amount of ATP's possible from glucose metabolism. 
D) Niacin is a B vitamin, and B vitamins are cofactors which help give enzymes their shape, and therefore, allow reactions in the body to be carried out at a much faster rate. 
E) None of the answers is correct. 
A) Niacin is an important protein found in muscle cells. 
B) High concentrations of niacin in the system can cause vomiting, which is good for you before a long race as it helps you lose weight. 
C) Niacin is an important coenzyme known as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide or NAD, a derivative of vitamin B3, which is a necessary energy- storing molecule required to produce the maximum amount of ATP's possible from glucose metabolism. 
D) Niacin is a B vitamin, and B vitamins are cofactors which help give enzymes their shape, and therefore, allow reactions in the body to be carried out at a much faster rate. 
E) None of the answers is correct.

Exam 3: Cell Metabolism

ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from to produce ATP.

During end- product inhibition,

In the presence of oxygen, the process of glycolysis produces which of the following products?

Chemical reactions that involve the breaking of a phosphate bond are called reactions.

Where within the cell does the Krebs cycle occur?

The rates of chemical reactions are important to their biological function. Describe the factors that can affect reaction rates and how these changes are mediated. (Do not include enzymes in this discussion.)

Many drugs are manufactured that tend to bind to an enzyme's active site more quickly than the substrate the enzyme normally binds. What quality allows the drug to be attracted to the active site more readily than the substrate?

Which of the following is the reduced form: FAD or FADH2?

Any nutrient that is not synthesized by the body and must, therefore, be acquired through the diet is a(n)_ nutrient.

A drug that blocks the active site of an enzyme and does not allow a product to be produced is known as a(n)

Refer to Scenario 3.1. Tony was breathing heavily but still able to walk to the finish line. Why?

The rate at which an enzyme- catalyzed reaction occurs can be increased by

Refer to Scenario 3.1. Could Tony's excitement before the race have caused him to become fatigued toward the end of the race?

Glycogenolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction.

In a reduction reaction, which of the following is most likely added to the reactants?

Decreasing temperatures will the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby the reaction rate.

Protein kinases target phosphorylation in covalent regulation reactions.

Which of the following statements about chemical equilibrium is FALSE?

As the energy required to overcome the activation energy barrier increases, the reaction rate will

Refer to Scenario 3.1. How could niacin supplementation have helped Tony during the race?

Introduction to Physiology

The Cell: Structure and Function

Cell Membrane Transport

Chemical Messengers

The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling

Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems

Muscle Physiology

The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and the Regulation of Breathing

The Urinary System: Renal Function

The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Gastrointestinal System

The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth

The Reproductive System

The Immune System

Diabetes Mellitus

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