Question 1

Glucose is synthesized by what process?

Accepted Answer

A) glycolysis 
B) glycogenesis 
C) gluconeogenesis 
D) electron transport chain 
E) Krebs cycle 
A) glycolysis 
B) glycogenesis 
C) gluconeogenesis 
D) electron transport chain 
E) Krebs cycle

Question 2

How many ATP are generated per acetyl coenzyme A going through the Krebs cycle followed by the electron transport system?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 12 
C) 2 
D) 24 
E) 36- 38 
A) 3 
B) 12 
C) 2 
D) 24 
E) 36- 38

Question 3

The synthesis of glucose from non- carbohydrate precursors is called and it occurs in the .

Accepted Answer

A) gluconeogenesis : pancreas 
B) glycogenesis : pancreas 
C) glycogenesis : liver 
D) glycogenolysis : liver 
E) gluconeogenesis : liver 
A) gluconeogenesis : pancreas 
B) glycogenesis : pancreas 
C) glycogenesis : liver 
D) glycogenolysis : liver 
E) gluconeogenesis : liver

Question 4

HA-BH -A=B + 2H is an example of what type of reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) hydrolysis 
B) condensation 
C) reduction 
D) phosphorylation 
E) oxidation 
A) hydrolysis 
B) condensation 
C) reduction 
D) phosphorylation 
E) oxidation

Question 5

Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

A) oxidative phosphorylation 
B) consumption of oxygen 
C) conversion of pyruvate to lactate 
D) Krebs cycle 
E) production of carbon dioxide 
A) oxidative phosphorylation 
B) consumption of oxygen 
C) conversion of pyruvate to lactate 
D) Krebs cycle 
E) production of carbon dioxide

Question 6

During (allosteric / covalent)regulation, a modulator binds to a regulatory site on an enzyme by weak interactions altering the activity of the enzyme.

Accepted Answer

The answer of During (allosteric / covalent)regulation, a modulator binds...

Question 7

What chemical group is most commonly added to a protein during covalent regulation?

Accepted Answer

A) amine 
B) phosphate 
C) kinase 
D) nitrate 
E) carboxyl 
A) amine 
B) phosphate 
C) kinase 
D) nitrate 
E) carboxyl

Question 8

Some enzymes require trace metals to function as cofactors. What do the trace metals do?

Accepted Answer

A) Trace metals are necessary for the transfer of uncharged chemical groups between substrates. 
B) Trace metals provide energy for the reaction. 
C) Trace metals must be present in the enzyme in order for the enzyme to bind substrate. 
D) Trace metals are necessary for the transfer of electrons between substrates. 
E) Trace metals covalently modulate the enzyme. 
A) Trace metals are necessary for the transfer of uncharged chemical groups between substrates. 
B) Trace metals provide energy for the reaction. 
C) Trace metals must be present in the enzyme in order for the enzyme to bind substrate. 
D) Trace metals are necessary for the transfer of electrons between substrates. 
E) Trace metals covalently modulate the enzyme.

Question 9

Which of the following is a correct description of an anabolic pathway?

Accepted Answer

A) Glycogen is synthesized in the cytosol from glucose. 
B) The primary site of the synthesis of triglycerides is in the liver. 
C) The primary site of the breakdown of triglycerides is in the adipose tissue. 
D) Proteins are transcribed from DNA in the nucleus. 
E) Proteins are degraded by mRNA in the cytoplasm. 
A) Glycogen is synthesized in the cytosol from glucose. 
B) The primary site of the synthesis of triglycerides is in the liver. 
C) The primary site of the breakdown of triglycerides is in the adipose tissue. 
D) Proteins are transcribed from DNA in the nucleus. 
E) Proteins are degraded by mRNA in the cytoplasm.

Question 10

Substrate- level phosphorylation refers to the phosphorylation of a metabolic intermediate such as when creatine phosphate contributes a phosphate group to ADP.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following would decrease the rate of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) increasing the concentration of product 
B) increasing the concentration of substrate 
C) increasing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate 
D) increasing the kinetic energy 
E) increasing the concentration of enzyme 
A) increasing the concentration of product 
B) increasing the concentration of substrate 
C) increasing the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate 
D) increasing the kinetic energy 
E) increasing the concentration of enzyme

Question 12

Describe the factors that affect the rates of enzyme reactions.

Accepted Answer

The presence of an enzyme increases reac

Question 13

Under low oxygen conditions, must unload its electrons to allow glycolysis to continue the production of ATP.

Accepted Answer

A) NAD+ 
B) pyruvate 
C) NADH 
D) FADH2 
E) lactate 
A) NAD+ 
B) pyruvate 
C) NADH 
D) FADH2 
E) lactate

Question 14

Each time an electron is passed between the molecules of the electron transport chain,

Accepted Answer

A) energy is gained. 
B) oxygen accepts the electrons. 
C) energy is released. 
D) carbon dioxide is produced. 
E) an ATP molecule is produced. 
A) energy is gained. 
B) oxygen accepts the electrons. 
C) energy is released. 
D) carbon dioxide is produced. 
E) an ATP molecule is produced.

Question 15

For each acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle, NAD(s)are reduced, FAD(s)are reduced, and ATP are synthesized by substrate- level phosphorylation.

Accepted Answer

A) 1 : 1 : 1 
B) 3 : 1 : 1 
C) 1 : 2 : 3 
D) 1 : 1 : 3 
E) 2 : 2 : 2 
A) 1 : 1 : 1 
B) 3 : 1 : 1 
C) 1 : 2 : 3 
D) 1 : 1 : 3 
E) 2 : 2 : 2

Question 16

Sucrose is synthesized from the condensation of fructose and glucose.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Which of the following statements best represents the second law of thermodynamics?

Accepted Answer

A) Stored energy can eventually be converted to kinetic energy. 
B) Energy is neither created nor destroyed. 
C) Energy is the capacity to do work. 
D) Natural processes tend to proceed in the direction that expands the energy. 
E) Metabolic reactions are the sum of all the reactions in the body. 
A) Stored energy can eventually be converted to kinetic energy. 
B) Energy is neither created nor destroyed. 
C) Energy is the capacity to do work. 
D) Natural processes tend to proceed in the direction that expands the energy. 
E) Metabolic reactions are the sum of all the reactions in the body.

Question 18

Enzymes are what class of molecule?

Accepted Answer

A) trace metals 
B) nucleic acids 
C) lipids 
D) proteins 
E) carbohydrates 
A) trace metals 
B) nucleic acids 
C) lipids 
D) proteins 
E) carbohydrates

Question 19

Refer to Scenario 3.1. Why did Tony's muscles become fatigued and burn toward the end of the race?

Accepted Answer

A) Tony was able to go through gluconeogenesis only, which caused tissue damage throughout his body 
B) Tony had an oxygen debt, meaning he no longer had oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain. Therefore, he could only go through beta oxidation, which burned up his fat cells and caused the burning sensation. 
C) Tony was burning up so much energy he was producing excess heat, which caused his muscles to start burning. 
D) Tony had used up all of his energy and carbohydrates in his system. Therefore, he was utilizing proteins for energy; since muscle is made out of protein, this made his muscles burn. 
E) Tony had an oxygen debt, meaning he no longer had oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain to complete the stages of glucose oxidation. Therefore, pyruvate was being converted to lactic acid which caused the burning sensation in his muscles. 
A) Tony was able to go through gluconeogenesis only, which caused tissue damage throughout his body 
B) Tony had an oxygen debt, meaning he no longer had oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain. Therefore, he could only go through beta oxidation, which burned up his fat cells and caused the burning sensation. 
C) Tony was burning up so much energy he was producing excess heat, which caused his muscles to start burning. 
D) Tony had used up all of his energy and carbohydrates in his system. Therefore, he was utilizing proteins for energy; since muscle is made out of protein, this made his muscles burn. 
E) Tony had an oxygen debt, meaning he no longer had oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain to complete the stages of glucose oxidation. Therefore, pyruvate was being converted to lactic acid which caused the burning sensation in his muscles.

Question 20

If the graph of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction shows a sigmoidal relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate, then what can be said about the reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) It is endergonic. 
B) It is allosterically regulated. 
C) It is covalently regulated. 
D) It is exergonic. 
E) It is part of an oxidation- reduction process. 
A) It is endergonic. 
B) It is allosterically regulated. 
C) It is covalently regulated. 
D) It is exergonic. 
E) It is part of an oxidation- reduction process.

Exam 3: Cell Metabolism

Glucose is synthesized by what process?

How many ATP are generated per acetyl coenzyme A going through the Krebs cycle followed by the electron transport system?

The synthesis of glucose from non- carbohydrate precursors is called and it occurs in the .

HA-BH -A=B + 2H is an example of what type of reaction?

Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?

During (allosteric / covalent)regulation, a modulator binds to a regulatory site on an enzyme by weak interactions altering the activity of the enzyme.

What chemical group is most commonly added to a protein during covalent regulation?

Some enzymes require trace metals to function as cofactors. What do the trace metals do?

Which of the following is a correct description of an anabolic pathway?

Substrate- level phosphorylation refers to the phosphorylation of a metabolic intermediate such as when creatine phosphate contributes a phosphate group to ADP.

Which of the following would decrease the rate of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction?

Describe the factors that affect the rates of enzyme reactions.

Under low oxygen conditions, must unload its electrons to allow glycolysis to continue the production of ATP.

Each time an electron is passed between the molecules of the electron transport chain,

For each acetyl CoA that enters the Krebs cycle, NAD(s)are reduced, FAD(s)are reduced, and ATP are synthesized by substrate- level phosphorylation.

Sucrose is synthesized from the condensation of fructose and glucose.

Which of the following statements best represents the second law of thermodynamics?

Enzymes are what class of molecule?

Refer to Scenario 3.1. Why did Tony's muscles become fatigued and burn toward the end of the race?

If the graph of an enzyme- catalyzed reaction shows a sigmoidal relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate, then what can be said about the reaction?

Introduction to Physiology

The Cell: Structure and Function

Cell Membrane Transport

Chemical Messengers

The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Nerve Cells and Electrical Signaling

Synaptic Transmission and Neural Integration

The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

The Nervous System: Sensory Systems

The Nervous System: Autonomic and Motor Systems

Muscle Physiology

The Cardiovascular System: Cardiac Function

The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

The Cardiovascular System: Blood

The Respiratory System: Pulmonary Ventilation

The Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and the Regulation of Breathing

The Urinary System: Renal Function

The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

The Gastrointestinal System

The Endocrine System: Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Growth

The Reproductive System

The Immune System

Diabetes Mellitus

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