Exam 32: An Overview of Animal Diversity

Both animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy is that only animals derive their nutrition by

Use the following two diagrams (A and B) to answer the questions below. A: Morphological phylogeny. B: Molecular phylogeny. -According to the phylogenies depicted in the previous pair of figures, if one were to create a taxon called Radiata that included all animal species whose members have true radial symmetry, then such a taxon would be

What is the correct sequence (from most ancient to most recent)of milestones in the evolution of animals?

Use the following information to answer the questions below. A student encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and to lie in the grooves between larger, underlying cells (i.e., spiral cleavage). -If we were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most likely to happen?

Use the following two diagrams (A and B) to answer the questions below. A: Morphological phylogeny. B: Molecular phylogeny. -In the traditional phylogeny (A), the phylum Platyhelminthes is depicted as a sister taxon to the rest of the protostome phyla, and as having diverged earlier from the lineage that led to the rest of the protostomes. In the molecular phylogeny (B), Platyhelminthes is depicted as a lophotrochozoan phylum. What probably led to this change?

Acoelomates are characterized by

When you consider the evolutionary history of animals, what are some plausible explanations for the diversification and extinction of some animal species?

The following questions refer to the description below. You have taken an introductory course in animal biology and know that animals have evolved with different types of symmetry. Animals that show radial symmetry have a top and bottom, but do not have a left or right side, nor a front or back end. Animals that show bilateral symmetry have a top and bottom, left and right sides, and distinct anterior and posterior ends. -Why do you think that evolution of cephalization is correlated with the evolution of bilateral symmetry?

Use the following information to answer the questions below. The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk, and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate, do not moult (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. -Which of these features is least useful in assigning the phylum Cycliophora to a clade of animals?

-Which of the following is a point of conflict between the phylogenetic analyses presented in these two figures?

The figure above shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions. -Which of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa?

What distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates

Use the following information to answer the questions below. The most recently discovered phylum in the animal kingdom (1995) is the phylum Cycliophora. It includes three species of tiny organisms that live in large numbers on the outsides of the mouthparts and appendages of lobsters. The feeding stage permanently attaches to the lobster via an adhesive disk, and collects scraps of food from its host's feeding by capturing the scraps in a current created by a ring of cilia. The body is sac-like and has a U-shaped intestine that brings the anus close to the mouth. Cycliophorans are eucoelomate, do not moult (though their host does), and their embryos undergo spiral cleavage. -Which of these, if discovered among cycliophorans, would cause the most confusion concerning our current understanding of cycliophoran taxonomy?

The distinction between sponges and other animal phyla is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of

Which of the following statements is incorrect with respect to animal phylogeny?

If a multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can properly be included among the

Which of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are)true? 1. Animals are more closely related to plants than to fungi. 2. All animal clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. 3. Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. 4. Only animals reproduce by sexual means. 5. Animals are thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern choanoflagellates.

Use the following table to answer the questions below. Proposed Number of Hox Genes in Various Extant and Extinct Animals -What conclusion is apparent from the data in the table?

Placozoan evolutionary relationships to other animals are currently unclear, and different phylogenies can be created, depending on the character used to infer relatedness. Sponges have no tissues, but about 20 cell types. Tp (Trichoplax adhaerens) produces a neuropeptide almost identical to one found in cnidarians. The genome of Tp, though the smallest of any known animal, shares many features of complex eumetazoan (even human!) genomes. Use the phylogenetic trees that follow to answer the questions below. I II III -Which phylogeny has been created by emphasizing genomic features of placozoans?

Soon after the coelom begins to form, a researcher injects a dye into the coelom of a deuterostome embryo. Initially, the dye should be able to flow directly into the