Question 1

Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature/nurture issue?

Accepted Answer

A) Environmental factors can determine the expression of genetic potential, but only during infancy. 
B) The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other. 
C) While genetic factors determine personality, environmental factors determine intelligence and cognitive ability. 
D) Genetic factors alone determine physical appearance, including height and weight, but only environmental factors influence personality characteristics. 
A) Environmental factors can determine the expression of genetic potential, but only during infancy. 
B) The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other. 
C) While genetic factors determine personality, environmental factors determine intelligence and cognitive ability. 
D) Genetic factors alone determine physical appearance, including height and weight, but only environmental factors influence personality characteristics.

Question 2

Scianna is a normal, healthy, 47-year-old man. In general he can expect his physical stamina, strength, and reaction time to:

Accepted Answer

A) be the same as when he was in his twenties and thirties. 
B) decline dramatically over the next three years. 
C) gradually decline over the next ten years. 
D) gradually increase over the next twenty years. 
A) be the same as when he was in his twenties and thirties. 
B) decline dramatically over the next three years. 
C) gradually decline over the next ten years. 
D) gradually increase over the next twenty years.

Question 3

_____ influence how people pay attention to, perceive, interpret, and remember gender-relevant behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) Genes 
B) Gender schemas 
C) Gender roles 
D) Norms 
A) Genes 
B) Gender schemas 
C) Gender roles 
D) Norms

Question 4

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:

Accepted Answer

A) understands the importance of protecting environmental resources. 
B) becomes aware of cultural differences. 
C) recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted. 
D) is limited by the inability to reverse mental operations and the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation. 
A) understands the importance of protecting environmental resources. 
B) becomes aware of cultural differences. 
C) recognizes that two equal quantities remain equal, even if the appearance of one is changed, as long as nothing is added or subtracted. 
D) is limited by the inability to reverse mental operations and the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation.

Question 5

Ginny's son Bill is almost 13 years old. Ginny has always enjoyed a good relationship with Bill, but after hearing horror stories from other parents about their teenaged children, she is worried that once Bill becomes a teenager their relationship will deteriorate and he will become impossible to handle. According to psychological research, Ginny and Bill's relationship during adolescence will most likely:

Accepted Answer

A) be marked by extreme and frequent disagreements and conflicts throughout adolescence. 
B) improve during early adolescence and deteriorate during late adolescence as Bill becomes more rebellious. 
C) rapidly deteriorate. 
D) continue to be good throughout adolescence, since their relationship was good during childhood. 
A) be marked by extreme and frequent disagreements and conflicts throughout adolescence. 
B) improve during early adolescence and deteriorate during late adolescence as Bill becomes more rebellious. 
C) rapidly deteriorate. 
D) continue to be good throughout adolescence, since their relationship was good during childhood.

Question 6

Tracy is very fit and energetic. She goes to aerobic classes four times a week, and she is considered by many to be very feminine, especially by her same-sex partner. Tracy's sense of femininity is her _____, and her attraction to a member of the same sex is her _____.

Accepted Answer

A) gender; gender role 
B) gender identity; sexual orientation 
C) sex; gender identity 
D) sexual orientation; gender identity 
A) gender; gender role 
B) gender identity; sexual orientation 
C) sex; gender identity 
D) sexual orientation; gender identity

Question 7

When 9-year-old Jacob is asked by his mother to tidy up his room and put his toys away, he does what he is told because he knows that she will give him a special treat afterwards. Kohlberg would say that Jacob is operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) conventional 
B) preoperational 
C) preconventional 
D) postconventional 
A) conventional 
B) preoperational 
C) preconventional 
D) postconventional

Question 8

Seven-year-old Amy demonstrates logical thinking when she plays checkers with her father, but she has some difficulty thinking logically about hypothetical situations or abstract ideas. Amy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

Accepted Answer

A) sensorimotor 
B) preoperational 
C) concrete operational 
D) formal operational 
A) sensorimotor 
B) preoperational 
C) concrete operational 
D) formal operational

Question 9

If Gerry's genotype contains a copy of the dominant freckles gene:

Accepted Answer

A) he will never develop freckles even with exposure to sunlight. 
B) he will inevitably develop freckles regardless of environmental influences, such as exposure to sunlight. 
C) he will not develop freckles unless the expression of that dominant gene is triggered by a specific environmental factor, sunlight. 
D) it will also contain two inherited recessive genes that need to be activated in order for him to develop freckles. 
A) he will never develop freckles even with exposure to sunlight. 
B) he will inevitably develop freckles regardless of environmental influences, such as exposure to sunlight. 
C) he will not develop freckles unless the expression of that dominant gene is triggered by a specific environmental factor, sunlight. 
D) it will also contain two inherited recessive genes that need to be activated in order for him to develop freckles.

Question 10

Attitudes toward death in old age:

Accepted Answer

A) show the same diversity that is reflected in other aspects of adult development. 
B) progress toward increased resignation throughout the lifespan. 
C) are difficult to study because research participants do not like to talk about their own mortality. 
D) are most influenced by self-assessment of health and well-being. 
A) show the same diversity that is reflected in other aspects of adult development. 
B) progress toward increased resignation throughout the lifespan. 
C) are difficult to study because research participants do not like to talk about their own mortality. 
D) are most influenced by self-assessment of health and well-being.

Question 11

Which of the following would characterize a child who is in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A) The child is able to think logically and systematically even when dealing with abstract concepts. 
B) The child tends to focus on only one aspect of the situation, such as the height but not the width of the liquid in two containers. 
C) The child uses basic sensory and motor abilities to understand the world. 
D) The child can think logically but his or her use of logic tends to be limited to tangible events or objects. 
A) The child is able to think logically and systematically even when dealing with abstract concepts. 
B) The child tends to focus on only one aspect of the situation, such as the height but not the width of the liquid in two containers. 
C) The child uses basic sensory and motor abilities to understand the world. 
D) The child can think logically but his or her use of logic tends to be limited to tangible events or objects.

Question 12

Compared to girls who grow up in homes where their biological father is present, girls who are raised in homes in which their biological father is absent:

Accepted Answer

A) develop primary sexual characteristics at an later age but develop secondary sexual characteristics at an earlier age. 
B) tend to experience puberty at an earlier age. 
C) tend to experience puberty at a later age. 
D) develop primary sexual characteristics at an earlier age but develop secondary sexual characteristics at a later age. 
A) develop primary sexual characteristics at an later age but develop secondary sexual characteristics at an earlier age. 
B) tend to experience puberty at an earlier age. 
C) tend to experience puberty at a later age. 
D) develop primary sexual characteristics at an earlier age but develop secondary sexual characteristics at a later age.

Question 13

The stage that marks the transition between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood is called:

Accepted Answer

A) adolescence. 
B) middle age. 
C) egocentrism. 
D) centration. 
A) adolescence. 
B) middle age. 
C) egocentrism. 
D) centration.

Question 14

In addition to interactions among genes, and between genotype and environmental influences, another crucial factor in the relationship between genotype and phenotype is:

Accepted Answer

A) the fact that gene expression is inflexible and unresponsive to internal factors. 
B) that genes can mutate or spontaneously change from one generation to the next. 
C) that because of the blood-brain barrier, teratogens such as exposure to radiation or chemical toxins do not affect the genotype or damage DNA. 
D) the fact that the vast majority of genes in the human genome are never expressed. 
A) the fact that gene expression is inflexible and unresponsive to internal factors. 
B) that genes can mutate or spontaneously change from one generation to the next. 
C) that because of the blood-brain barrier, teratogens such as exposure to radiation or chemical toxins do not affect the genotype or damage DNA. 
D) the fact that the vast majority of genes in the human genome are never expressed.

Question 15

Chronic stress, feelings of depression, and anxiety during pregnancy are associated with:

Accepted Answer

A) low birth weight and premature birth. 
B) Down syndrome and autism. 
C) fetal teratogen syndrome. 
D) ventricle malformation. 
A) low birth weight and premature birth. 
B) Down syndrome and autism. 
C) fetal teratogen syndrome. 
D) ventricle malformation.

Question 16

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial conflict faced in old age is:

Accepted Answer

A) autonomy versus doubt. 
B) intimacy versus isolation. 
C) ego integrity versus despair. 
D) generativity versus stagnation. 
A) autonomy versus doubt. 
B) intimacy versus isolation. 
C) ego integrity versus despair. 
D) generativity versus stagnation.

Question 17

Geri's son wants to go to a football game on a school night. Without asking her son how he will get to the football game or when he will be home, Geri tells him that she doesn't care if he goes or not. Geri is demonstrating the _____ parenting style.

Accepted Answer

A) authoritarian 
B) permissive-indulgent 
C) authoritative 
D) permissive-indifferent 
A) authoritarian 
B) permissive-indulgent 
C) authoritative 
D) permissive-indifferent

Question 18

Researcher _____ demonstrated that infants acquire object permanence at a much younger age than Piaget believed.

Accepted Answer

A) Lev Vygotsky 
B) Erik Erikson 
C) Mary D. Salter Ainsworth 
D) Renée Baillargeon 
A) Lev Vygotsky 
B) Erik Erikson 
C) Mary D. Salter Ainsworth 
D) Renée Baillargeon

Question 19

Many researchers have noted gender differences in how children interact with peers. Which of the following statements reflects our current understanding of these differences?

Accepted Answer

A) Girls, more often than boys, learn to assert themselves within a group of same-sex friends. 
B) Boys, more often than girls, tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution. 
C) Boys, more often than girls, establish very close bonds with one or two friends, and avoid competition and rough play. 
D) Girls, more often than boys, tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution. 
A) Girls, more often than boys, learn to assert themselves within a group of same-sex friends. 
B) Boys, more often than girls, tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution. 
C) Boys, more often than girls, establish very close bonds with one or two friends, and avoid competition and rough play. 
D) Girls, more often than boys, tend to establish and maintain close friendships through compromise, conciliation, and verbal conflict resolution.

Question 20

Elizabeth grew up in a home in which both of her biological parents were present. At school, Elizabeth's best friend is Alyssa. Alyssa's biological parents divorced shortly after Alyssa was born. Because her father lives overseas, she has only seen her father once. Consequently, Alyssa has grown up in a home where her biological father is absent. According to the information discussed in your text, which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Elizabeth and Alyssa will experience menarche within weeks of each other. 
B) Elizabeth is much more likely than Alyssa to be insecurely attached. 
C) Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at an earlier age than Elizabeth. 
D) Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at a later age than Elizabeth. 
A) Elizabeth and Alyssa will experience menarche within weeks of each other. 
B) Elizabeth is much more likely than Alyssa to be insecurely attached. 
C) Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at an earlier age than Elizabeth. 
D) Alyssa is likely to experience puberty at a later age than Elizabeth.

Exam 9: Section 2: Lifespan Development

Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature/nurture issue?

Scianna is a normal, healthy, 47-year-old man. In general he can expect his physical stamina, strength, and reaction time to:

_____ influence how people pay attention to, perceive, interpret, and remember gender-relevant behavior.

In Piaget's theory, when a child demonstrates conservation, he or she:

Tracy is very fit and energetic. She goes to aerobic classes four times a week, and she is considered by many to be very feminine, especially by her same-sex partner. Tracy's sense of femininity is her _____, and her attraction to a member of the same sex is her _____.

When 9-year-old Jacob is asked by his mother to tidy up his room and put his toys away, he does what he is told because he knows that she will give him a special treat afterwards. Kohlberg would say that Jacob is operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

Seven-year-old Amy demonstrates logical thinking when she plays checkers with her father, but she has some difficulty thinking logically about hypothetical situations or abstract ideas. Amy is most likely in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

If Gerry's genotype contains a copy of the dominant freckles gene:

Attitudes toward death in old age:

Which of the following would characterize a child who is in the formal operational stage of cognitive development?

Compared to girls who grow up in homes where their biological father is present, girls who are raised in homes in which their biological father is absent:

The stage that marks the transition between late childhood and the beginning of adulthood is called:

In addition to interactions among genes, and between genotype and environmental influences, another crucial factor in the relationship between genotype and phenotype is:

Chronic stress, feelings of depression, and anxiety during pregnancy are associated with:

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial conflict faced in old age is:

Geri's son wants to go to a football game on a school night. Without asking her son how he will get to the football game or when he will be home, Geri tells him that she doesn't care if he goes or not. Geri is demonstrating the _____ parenting style.

Researcher _____ demonstrated that infants acquire object permanence at a much younger age than Piaget believed.

Many researchers have noted gender differences in how children interact with peers. Which of the following statements reflects our current understanding of these differences?

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 1: Psychological Disorders

Section 2: Psychological Disorders

Tracy is very fit and energetic. She goes to aerobic classes four times a week, and she is considered by many to be very feminine, especially by her same-sex partner. Tracy's sense of femininity is her _, and her attraction to a member of the same sex is her _.