Exam 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Use the following to answer questions : Consider five species of toads.Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is sister to the clade containing species C and D.Species E is sister to the clade containing A,B,C,and D. -How many additional nodes would be found in a phylogenetic tree of species A,B,C,D,and E?

Which statement about red fluorescent pigments is true?

Use the following to answer questions : Consider five species of toads.Species A and B are sister species.Species C and D are also sister species.The clade containing species A and B is sister to the clade containing species C and D.Species E is sister to the clade containing A,B,C,and D. -Which species is most likely to share synapomorphies with species E?

A major challenge of maximum likelihood methods is that they

As adaptations for flight,the wings of bats and the wings of birds are an example of

Four different phylogenetic trees of a group of salamanders have been proposed.Trees A and B each require 12 homoplasies,but tree A requires 14 synapomorphies and tree B requires 13 synapomorphies.Tree C requires 15 homoplasies and 13 synapomorphies.Finally,tree D requires 10 homoplasies and 15 synapomorphies.According to the principle of parsimony,which tree (or trees)is the best?

Shared derived traits are also known as

What is a major advantage of maximum likelihood methods as compared with parsimony methods?

Drosophila yakuba and D.santomea are the closest relatives to each other.Therefore,they are considered _______ species.

In biological classification,the suffix "-aceae" refers to a(n)

Humans and chimpanzees diverged about 6 million years ago.If 12 nucleotide substitutions have occurred between human and chimpanzee lineages in a sequence of mitochondrial DNA,and 36 have occurred between humans and gibbons,humans and gibbons,according to the molecular clock hypothesis,separated _______ million years ago.

Members of genus X,a hypothetical taxon of invertebrates,have antennae with a variable number of segments.Species A and B have 10 segments;species C and D have 9 segments;species E has 8 segments;and species F has 7 segments.In all other genera in this family (including genus Y,the sister genus of genus X),all species have antennae with 10 segments.Which character state most likely is a synapomorphy that would be useful for determining evolutionary relationships within genus X?

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to figure below. -The position of which pair of taxa could be reversed without changing the meaning of the tree?

Which study led biologists to infer that the ancient archosaur was active during the night?

Biologists have used _______ to experimentally verify the accuracy of phylogenetic methods.

Which sequence represents a correct size ranking of taxonomic categories,from the smallest to the largest?

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to the figure below. -About when did the common ancestor of humans,chimpanzees,gorillas,and orangutans last exist?

Snakes,which lack limbs,evolved from vertebrates that had legs.The limbs of snakes disappeared by _______ and the backbones of snakes are a _______.

HIV was transferred to humans from

The system of binomial nomenclature was developed by