Question 1

According to the principle of parsimony,the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the

Accepted Answer

A)  fewest homoplasies. 
B)  most homoplasies. 
C)  fewest homologies. 
D)  most clades. 
E)  fewest clades. 
A)  fewest homoplasies. 
B)  most homoplasies. 
C)  fewest homologies. 
D)  most clades. 
E)  fewest clades.

Question 2

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to figure below.  
-Which synapomorphy unites the pigeon and the lizard?

Accepted Answer

A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Fur 
D)  Keratinous scales 
E)  Mammary glands 
A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Fur 
D)  Keratinous scales 
E)  Mammary glands

Question 3

Which trait would be least useful in a phylogenetic analysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  A trait that is altered easily by small changes in temperature 
B)  A trait that involves genetically inherited behaviors 
C)  A trait that is detectible early in development 
D)  A trait that can be studied in museum specimens 
E)  A trait that is encoded by mitochondrial DNA 
A)  A trait that is altered easily by small changes in temperature 
B)  A trait that involves genetically inherited behaviors 
C)  A trait that is detectible early in development 
D)  A trait that can be studied in museum specimens 
E)  A trait that is encoded by mitochondrial DNA

Question 4

According to the practices of biological nomenclature,if the same name is inadvertently given to two different species,

Accepted Answer

A)  the species named first keeps the name and the second species is given a replacement name. 
B)  the species named last keeps the name and the species named first is given a replacement name. 
C)  a coin is flipped to determine which species keeps the name. 
D)  the head of the Cladistics Society chooses which species keeps the name. 
E)  both species are given new names. 
A)  the species named first keeps the name and the second species is given a replacement name. 
B)  the species named last keeps the name and the species named first is given a replacement name. 
C)  a coin is flipped to determine which species keeps the name. 
D)  the head of the Cladistics Society chooses which species keeps the name. 
E)  both species are given new names.

Question 5

Species A and species B have long wings,whereas species C has short wings.Which piece of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A,B,and C had short wings and evidence that species A and B are sister species 
B)  Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A,B,and C had long wings and evidence that species A and B are sister species 
C)  DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species 
D)  DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species 
E)  Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings,whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wings 
A)  Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A,B,and C had short wings and evidence that species A and B are sister species 
B)  Fossil evidence showing that the common ancestor of species A,B,and C had long wings and evidence that species A and B are sister species 
C)  DNA evidence showing that species A and C are sister species 
D)  DNA evidence showing that species B and C are sister species 
E)  Evidence showing that species A and B live in an environment that favors long wings,whereas species C lives in an environment that favors short wings

Question 6

Which of the following features can never be homologous?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA sequences 
B)  Anatomical structures 
C)  Inherited behavioral patterns 
D)  Secondary structures of proteins 
E)  All of the above can be homologous features. 
A)  DNA sequences 
B)  Anatomical structures 
C)  Inherited behavioral patterns 
D)  Secondary structures of proteins 
E)  All of the above can be homologous features.

Question 7

Some species in a hypothetical family of beetles are winged,and others are wingless.Which of the following would be most useful in determining whether having wings or being wingless was the ancestral trait?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homoplasies 
B)  Homologies 
C)  An outgroup 
D)  An ingroup 
E)  Maximum likelihood methods 
A)  Homoplasies 
B)  Homologies 
C)  An outgroup 
D)  An ingroup 
E)  Maximum likelihood methods

Question 8

Studies of female platyfish,whose male counterparts have a variety of tail shapes,show that the females prefer male fish with artificial swordlike structures attached to their tails.This observation is most consistent with the

Accepted Answer

A)  notion of a molecular clock. 
B)  maximum likelihood principle. 
C)  sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
D)  principle of homoplasy. 
E)  parsimony principle. 
A)  notion of a molecular clock. 
B)  maximum likelihood principle. 
C)  sensory exploitation hypothesis. 
D)  principle of homoplasy. 
E)  parsimony principle.

Question 9

Repetitive DNA sequences usually evolve very quickly.Based on this fact,molecules that have a rapid mutation rate are used to study relationships among

Accepted Answer

A)  organisms that diverged long ago. 
B)  all organisms. 
C)  extinct organisms. 
D)  phyla of animals. 
E)  very closely related species. 
A)  organisms that diverged long ago. 
B)  all organisms. 
C)  extinct organisms. 
D)  phyla of animals. 
E)  very closely related species.

Question 10

Which of the following is the smallest taxon?

Accepted Answer

A)  Kingdom 
B)  Family 
C)  Phylum 
D)  Class 
E)  Order 
A)  Kingdom 
B)  Family 
C)  Phylum 
D)  Class 
E)  Order

Question 11

The suffix "-idae" (e.g. ,Sciuridae)refers to organisms of which kingdom?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria 
B)  Fungi 
C)  Plant 
D)  Animal 
E)  Protist 
A)  Bacteria 
B)  Fungi 
C)  Plant 
D)  Animal 
E)  Protist

Question 12

Which statement about a monophyletic taxon is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a clade. 
B)  It includes all descendants of the common ancestor of the members of the group. 
C)  At least two "cuts" are required to remove it from a phylogenetic tree. 
D)  It is a historical group of related species. 
E)  It is a complete branch on the tree of life. 
A)  It is a clade. 
B)  It includes all descendants of the common ancestor of the members of the group. 
C)  At least two "cuts" are required to remove it from a phylogenetic tree. 
D)  It is a historical group of related species. 
E)  It is a complete branch on the tree of life.

Question 13

Which of the following types of groups can be removed by a single "cut" to a phylogenetic tree without the removal of any other species outside the group?

Accepted Answer

A)  Monophyletic only 
B)  Polyphyletic only 
C)  Paraphyletic only 
D)  Paraphyletic and polyphyletic 
E)  Monophyletic and polyphyletic 
A)  Monophyletic only 
B)  Polyphyletic only 
C)  Paraphyletic only 
D)  Paraphyletic and polyphyletic 
E)  Monophyletic and polyphyletic

Question 14

Information about _______ behavior would be least useful in reconstructing phylogenies.

Accepted Answer

A)  inherited 
B)  locomotion 
C)  foraging 
D)  learned 
E)  mating 
A)  inherited 
B)  locomotion 
C)  foraging 
D)  learned 
E)  mating

Question 15

Which statement about HIV or AIDS is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  AIDS is a zoonotic disease. 
B)  HIV likely originated in Africa. 
C)  HIV likely entered human populations from hunters who cut themselves as they were skinning animals. 
D)  HIV likely entered humans from only one animal species. 
E)  Phylogenetic methods have been used to trace the evolutionary history of HIV. 
A)  AIDS is a zoonotic disease. 
B)  HIV likely originated in Africa. 
C)  HIV likely entered human populations from hunters who cut themselves as they were skinning animals. 
D)  HIV likely entered humans from only one animal species. 
E)  Phylogenetic methods have been used to trace the evolutionary history of HIV.

Question 16

Use the following to answer questions :
Refer to figure below.  
-Which synapomorphy unites the salamander and the lizard?

Accepted Answer

A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Claws or nails 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Feathers 
B)  A gizzard 
C)  Keratinous scales 
D)  Claws or nails 
E)  None of the above

Question 17

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  monophyletic;monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic;paraphyletic 
C)  paraphyletic;monophyletic 
D)  polyphyletic;monophyletic 
E)  polyphyletic;paraphyletic 
A)  monophyletic;monophyletic 
B)  monophyletic;paraphyletic 
C)  paraphyletic;monophyletic 
D)  polyphyletic;monophyletic 
E)  polyphyletic;paraphyletic

Question 18

Which finding led to the conclusion that sea squirts are more closely related to vertebrates than scientists had previously thought?

Accepted Answer

A)  Data from CT scans 
B)  The finding that larvae have notochords 
C)  The discovery of behavioral similarities in sea squirts and vertebrates 
D)  Newly discovered fossils in China 
E)  The development of maximum likelihood methods 
A)  Data from CT scans 
B)  The finding that larvae have notochords 
C)  The discovery of behavioral similarities in sea squirts and vertebrates 
D)  Newly discovered fossils in China 
E)  The development of maximum likelihood methods

Question 19

Biologists refer to descriptions of the evolutionary relationships among organisms as _______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Biologists refer to descriptions of the evolutionary...

Question 20

Transitions occur _______ frequently than transversions;thus using transitions,as opposed to transversions,will be more useful for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships between _______ organisms.

Accepted Answer

A)  more;closely related 
B)  less;extinct 
C)  more;extinct 
D)  less;closely related 
E)  more;distantly related 
A)  more;closely related 
B)  less;extinct 
C)  more;extinct 
D)  less;closely related 
E)  more;distantly related

Exam 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

According to the principle of parsimony,the best phylogenetic hypothesis is the one that requires the

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to figure below. -Which synapomorphy unites the pigeon and the lizard?

Which trait would be least useful in a phylogenetic analysis?

According to the practices of biological nomenclature,if the same name is inadvertently given to two different species,

Species A and species B have long wings,whereas species C has short wings.Which piece of evidence would best support the hypothesis that long wings are a synapomorphy?

Which of the following features can never be homologous?

Some species in a hypothetical family of beetles are winged,and others are wingless.Which of the following would be most useful in determining whether having wings or being wingless was the ancestral trait?

Studies of female platyfish,whose male counterparts have a variety of tail shapes,show that the females prefer male fish with artificial swordlike structures attached to their tails.This observation is most consistent with the

Repetitive DNA sequences usually evolve very quickly.Based on this fact,molecules that have a rapid mutation rate are used to study relationships among

Which of the following is the smallest taxon?

The suffix "-idae" (e.g. ,Sciuridae)refers to organisms of which kingdom?

Which statement about a monophyletic taxon is false?

Which of the following types of groups can be removed by a single "cut" to a phylogenetic tree without the removal of any other species outside the group?

Information about _______ behavior would be least useful in reconstructing phylogenies.

Which statement about HIV or AIDS is false?

Use the following to answer questions : Refer to figure below. -Which synapomorphy unites the salamander and the lizard?

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _______ and SIV is _______.

Which finding led to the conclusion that sea squirts are more closely related to vertebrates than scientists had previously thought?

Biologists refer to descriptions of the evolutionary relationships among organisms as _______.

Transitions occur _______ frequently than transversions;thus using transitions,as opposed to transversions,will be more useful for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships between _______ organisms.

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV and nonhuman SIV demonstrates that HIV is _ and SIV is _.

Transitions occur _ frequently than transversions;thus using transitions,as opposed to transversions,will be more useful for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships between _ organisms.