Exam 24: Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

Describe the difference between anagenesis and cladogenesis.

Since birds descended from one group of terrestrial dinosaurs, the grouping that includes only terrestrial dinosaurs is ____.

With cladistic analyses, characters of an organism exist in ____ form(s), referred to as ____.

According to cladistics, a derived character state is called a(n) ____.

With the cladistic method, biologists construct phylogenetic trees and classifications by grouping together only those species that share ancestral character states.

Mendel; Darwin In the 1700s, ____ classified organisms by their morphological similarities and differences, and in the 1800s, ____ provided the scientific rationale for the heritable basis of these morphological variations.

A plant systematist aims to ____ organisms.

Unless a derived character state is lost or replaced by newer characters over evolutionary time, ____ can serve as markers for ____ lineages that underwent adaptive radiation.

The external morphological traits of two North American species of tree frog ( Hyla versicolor and H . chrysoscelis ) are very similar; therefore, scientists use ____ to distinguish them.

The evolutionary process whereby an ancestral species undergoes speciation and produces two descendant species, both distinct from their common ancestor, is known as ____.

A taxon that includes only birds and bats, two clades of vertebrates capable of flight, is considered ____.

When identifying and naming new species, Linnaeus used the ____ species concept.

When describing phylogenetic trees, each branching point is called a ____.

The PhyloCode is a set of rules for ____.

The scientific name of a polar bear is Ursus maritimus . The first part, Ursus , is the ____ name.

Fossils of plants found in deeper geologic layers do not show vascular tissues, while fossils in shallower geologic layers include some specimens with and some without vascular tissues. Thus, vascular tissue in plants is considered a ____ character.

Currently, taxonomic domains include ____.