Question 1

Modern cells are thought to have arisen from ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  protocells 
B)  pre-cells 
C)  gas and dust clouds 
D)  prokaryotic cells that predated protocells 
E)  prokaryotic cells that predated pre-cells 
A)  protocells 
B)  pre-cells 
C)  gas and dust clouds 
D)  prokaryotic cells that predated protocells 
E)  prokaryotic cells that predated pre-cells

Question 2

Organic macromolecules may have formed by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  addition of water to small organic subunits to facilitates enzymatic synthesis reactions 
B)  dehydration synthesis reactions that combined smaller subunits into larger molecules 
C)  increasing availability of inorganic compounds 
D)  sequestration inside a semi-permeable membrane 
E)  spontaneous aggregation of the different organic compounds in the atmosphere 
A)  addition of water to small organic subunits to facilitates enzymatic synthesis reactions 
B)  dehydration synthesis reactions that combined smaller subunits into larger molecules 
C)  increasing availability of inorganic compounds 
D)  sequestration inside a semi-permeable membrane 
E)  spontaneous aggregation of the different organic compounds in the atmosphere

Question 3

Chloroplasts evolved from endosymbionts but the endomembrane system evolved from __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondria 
B)  Archaea 
C)  the plasma membrane 
D)  the endoplasmic reticulum 
E)  stromatolites 
A)  mitochondria 
B)  Archaea 
C)  the plasma membrane 
D)  the endoplasmic reticulum 
E)  stromatolites

Question 4

Mitochondria probably developed before the atmosphere was oxygen rich .

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Why is the protein-first hypothesis not accepted by most scientists?

Accepted Answer

A)  Proteins cannot be catalysts. 
B)  There is no known mechanism of protein self-replication. 
C)  Of all of the macromolecules, only DNA can self-replicate. 
D)  There is no evidence that proteins can store information. 
E)  Proteins are too complex to have been the first "polymers of life." 
A)  Proteins cannot be catalysts. 
B)  There is no known mechanism of protein self-replication. 
C)  Of all of the macromolecules, only DNA can self-replicate. 
D)  There is no evidence that proteins can store information. 
E)  Proteins are too complex to have been the first "polymers of life."

Question 6

Define the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and explain how it has been tested in a laboratory.

Accepted Answer

The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis proposes t

Question 7

The famous Miller-Urey experiments provided crucial support for the ____ hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A)  endosymbiosis 
B)  Oparin-Haldane 
C)  RNA World 
D)  Dickerson oxidizing atmosphere 
E)  hydrothermal vent 
A)  endosymbiosis 
B)  Oparin-Haldane 
C)  RNA World 
D)  Dickerson oxidizing atmosphere 
E)  hydrothermal vent

Question 8

DNA is favored as the storage molecule of genetic information because it ____ than RNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  has more nucleotides 
B)  has greater chemical stability 
C)  can assemble into longer coding sequences 
D)  has more nucleotides and greater chemical stability 
E)  has greater chemical stability and can assemble into longer coding sequences 
A)  has more nucleotides 
B)  has greater chemical stability 
C)  can assemble into longer coding sequences 
D)  has more nucleotides and greater chemical stability 
E)  has greater chemical stability and can assemble into longer coding sequences

Question 9

Proteins may have been the first information-storage molecules because they can self-replicate as well as catalyze reactions .

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The earliest photosynthesizers likely used ____ as electron donors.

Accepted Answer

A)  chloride gas 
B)  hydrogen peroxide 
C)  hydrogen sulfide 
D)  magnesium sulfide 
E)  ammonia 
A)  chloride gas 
B)  hydrogen peroxide 
C)  hydrogen sulfide 
D)  magnesium sulfide 
E)  ammonia

Question 11

Around 150 living genera of animals provide direct support of the endosymbiont theory by ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  hosting Archaea in their cells 
B)  having bacterial ribosomes in their cells 
C)  using the cell membrane to protect against bacterial invaders 
D)  ejecting cyanobacterial invaders 
E)  hosting eukaryotic algae or cyanobacteria in their cells 
A)  hosting Archaea in their cells 
B)  having bacterial ribosomes in their cells 
C)  using the cell membrane to protect against bacterial invaders 
D)  ejecting cyanobacterial invaders 
E)  hosting eukaryotic algae or cyanobacteria in their cells

Question 12

Some scientists believe that RNA was the first information storage molecule because ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  some viruses use RNA as their information storage molecule 
B)  RNA can be an enzymatic catalyst as well as an information storage molecule 
C)  amino acids cannot form peptide bonds without ribosomes to catalyze their formation 
D)  RNA is a less stable molecule than DNA 
E)  proteins are made of far more amino acid monomers (over 20) than RNA (4) 
A)  some viruses use RNA as their information storage molecule 
B)  RNA can be an enzymatic catalyst as well as an information storage molecule 
C)  amino acids cannot form peptide bonds without ribosomes to catalyze their formation 
D)  RNA is a less stable molecule than DNA 
E)  proteins are made of far more amino acid monomers (over 20) than RNA (4)

Question 13

The RNA molecules of an RNA world on early Earth may have been composed of bases other than A, U, G, and C because ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA does not use all four bases 
B)  these nucleotides will not form a double helix 
C)  these nucleotides cannot be created in a Miller-Urey like experiment 
D)  G is somewhat unstable in water 
E)  C is somewhat unstable in water 
A)  DNA does not use all four bases 
B)  these nucleotides will not form a double helix 
C)  these nucleotides cannot be created in a Miller-Urey like experiment 
D)  G is somewhat unstable in water 
E)  C is somewhat unstable in water

Question 14

Distinguish between stromatolites and biosignatures.

Accepted Answer

Fossil stromatolites could be of biologi

Question 15

The development of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus are explained by the endosymbiotic theory .

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Phospholipids created in a laboratory can self-assemble into bilayers .

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Modern eukaryotic cells appeared ____ billion years ago.

Accepted Answer

A)  0.5 
B)  1 
C)  1.7 
D)  2 
E)  3.7 
A)  0.5 
B)  1 
C)  1.7 
D)  2 
E)  3.7

Question 18

What assumption is made by researchers when designing experiments to model how life may have arisen on Earth?

Accepted Answer

A)  The chemical reactions of living things are only possible inside living systems. 
B)  Living organisms are composed of elements commonly found on Earth, but absent in the rest of the universe. 
C)  Conditions on Earth have not changed over time. 
D)  Life arose on Earth from non-living matter. 
E)  The development of living cells from nonliving matter was very rapid. 
A)  The chemical reactions of living things are only possible inside living systems. 
B)  Living organisms are composed of elements commonly found on Earth, but absent in the rest of the universe. 
C)  Conditions on Earth have not changed over time. 
D)  Life arose on Earth from non-living matter. 
E)  The development of living cells from nonliving matter was very rapid.

Question 19

Phylogenetic systems based on morphology cannot reveal the relationships between different kingdoms .

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

According to Oparin and Haldane, the prebiotic soup accumulated because molecules were not ____.

Accepted Answer

A)  broken down by oxygen attack or microbial decay 
B)  broken down by reduction reactions or fungal decay 
C)  broken down by oxygen attack or fungal decay 
D)  broken down by reduction reactions or microbial decay 
E)  recycled by environmental conditions 
A)  broken down by oxygen attack or microbial decay 
B)  broken down by reduction reactions or fungal decay 
C)  broken down by oxygen attack or fungal decay 
D)  broken down by reduction reactions or microbial decay 
E)  recycled by environmental conditions

Exam 25: The Origin of Life

Modern cells are thought to have arisen from ____.

Organic macromolecules may have formed by ____.

Chloroplasts evolved from endosymbionts but the endomembrane system evolved from __________.

Mitochondria probably developed before the atmosphere was oxygen rich .

Why is the protein-first hypothesis not accepted by most scientists?

Define the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis and explain how it has been tested in a laboratory.

The famous Miller-Urey experiments provided crucial support for the ____ hypothesis.

DNA is favored as the storage molecule of genetic information because it ____ than RNA.

Proteins may have been the first information-storage molecules because they can self-replicate as well as catalyze reactions .

The earliest photosynthesizers likely used ____ as electron donors.

Around 150 living genera of animals provide direct support of the endosymbiont theory by ____.

Some scientists believe that RNA was the first information storage molecule because ____.

The RNA molecules of an RNA world on early Earth may have been composed of bases other than A, U, G, and C because ____.

Distinguish between stromatolites and biosignatures.

The development of the endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus are explained by the endosymbiotic theory .

Phospholipids created in a laboratory can self-assemble into bilayers .

Modern eukaryotic cells appeared ____ billion years ago.

What assumption is made by researchers when designing experiments to model how life may have arisen on Earth?

Phylogenetic systems based on morphology cannot reveal the relationships between different kingdoms .

According to Oparin and Haldane, the prebiotic soup accumulated because molecules were not ____.

Introduction to Biological Concepts and Research

Life, Chemistry, and Water

Biological Molecules: the Carbon Compounds of Life

Cells

Membranes and Transport

Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

Cell Division and Mitosis

Meiosis: the Cellular Basis of Sexual Reproduction

Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Expression: From Dna to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Bacterial and Viral Genetics

Dna Technology: Making and Using Genetically Altered Organisms, and Other Applications

Genomes and Proteomes

The Development of Evolutionary Thought

Microevolution: Genetic Changes Within Populations

Speciation

Paleobiology and Macroevolution

Systematic Biology: Phylogeny and Classification

Prokaryotes and Viruses

Protists

Seedless Plants

Seed Plants

Fungi

Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and Protostomes

Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

The Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Information Flow and the Neuron

Nervous Systems

Sensory Systems

The Endocrine System

Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements

The Circulatory System

Defenses Against Disease

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Digestive Systems and Animal Nutrition

Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Animal Behavior

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