Exam 7: Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

In operant conditioning, the reinforcer occurs _____ the response, and in classical conditioning, it occurs _____.

A(n) _____ is any identifiable behavior and includes observable actions, such as blinking or turning a doorknob, or internal actions, such as having a faster heartbeat.

Gina likes to upset Tim by scratching her fingernails against the chalkboard as she enters their classroom.Now, whenever Gina enters a classroom that Tim is in, he automatically tenses up because he expects her to scratch the chalkboard.This explanation of Tim's behavior is consistent with

After a response has been extinguished, it will often reappear after a short time has passed.This is called

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example, jumping backward to the pain of the hot water would be the

Reinforcement that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus closely follows a conditioned stimulus is called _____ reinforcement.

One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs) is hitting them if they do not come when called because then "calling" the animal becomes a(n) _____ for fear and withdrawal.

A puff of air will make your eye blink every time it hits your eye.If we sound a horn before each puff of air hits your eye several times, you will soon blink to the horn alone.Thus, blinking to the horn illustrates

Mina is ten years old and is undergoing chemotherapy.When she goes into the treatment center for her fourth treatment, Mina experiences nausea before the treatment even begins.Her nausea had been triggered by the sight of the treatment room.In this example, the treatment room was the

_____ is learning based on the consequences of responding.

Which form of learning would most likely be studied in a Skinner box?

Many involuntary, autonomic system responses ("fight-or-flight" reflexes) are linked with new stimuli and situations by

Classical conditioning is most often used to condition

Operant conditioning involves which of the following?

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory leading him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

Richard tells his new joke to three different people, and each one of them laughs.Because telling the joke led to laughter, which Richard enjoys, Richard will be more likely to tell this joke to other people.This situation illustrates

For rats in a Skinner box, very little learning occurs when the delay between bar pressing and receiving food reaches

In a classic experiment, Little Albert, a very young boy, was conditioned to be afraid of a white rat.He also became fearful of white furry rabbits and bearded men.This is an example of

Barnabus the rat learned a complex series of behaviors, including climbing a staircase, pulling a toy car, wriggling through a tube, and then pressing a lever, in order to receive a food pellet.This complex series of behavior were learned through

In classical conditioning when a conditioned stimulus is used to reinforce further learning, _____ is occurring.