Exam 7: Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

Pushing a particular button on the TV remote control is reinforced by gaining the consequence you desire, such as changing channels or muting an obnoxious commercial.This illustrates

_____ refers to understanding, knowing, anticipating, and making use of information-rich higher mental processes.

Even though it will be four years before you graduate, you study and work hard at each course along the way because you know that having the degree will help you obtain a good job.Looking toward this degree helps maintain your hard work even though the reinforcement is delayed for several years.This illustrates

Learning is best defined as

Many of the emotional attitudes that people develop toward foods, political parties, and ethnic groups were probably conditioned _____ when they were children as they observed how their parents responded to these same foods or groups.

A rat in a Skinner box presses the lever and receives a food pellet.This reinforcement will help the rat to

The two types of _____ learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

Although Sydney was not feeling very well, she went to her favorite Chinese restaurant for lunch.After eating the food, she became very sick.Upon going to the doctor, she found out that it was a stomach virus that had made her sick, not the food.However, the next time she went to the Chinese restaurant and smelled the food, she immediately felt nauseous.In this story, the unconditioned response (UR) was

Most children quickly learn to tell the difference between the voice tones of adults that are associated with punishment from those associated with praise or affection.This phenomenon is called

Fears and phobias cannot be readily eased by merely reading about them because

In higher order conditioning, a well-learned CS serves as a(n) _____ stimulus in a new pairing situation.

Classical conditioning is reinforced whenever the

When an individual learns to blink to the sound of a clap as a result of classical conditioning, the blinking to the clap is termed the

The best way to differentiate operant conditioning from classical conditioning is to decide if the

Superstitious behavior

For optimal conditioning, the minimum delay between CS and US should be _____ with the maximum delay being _____.

Acquiring a fear of thunder by watching your parents react to it in a fearful way illustrates

In nature, many species are _____ to associate specific locations and tastes with nausea and, thus, discourage the animal from eating the potentially dangerous food.

Mora is eight years old and is undergoing chemotherapy.When she goes into the treatment center for her third treatment, Mora experiences nausea before the treatment even begins.Her nausea had been triggered by the sight of the treatment room.This anticipatory nausea would be _____ and occurred even at times when Mora does not receive chemotherapy.

A student does a good job on math problems for homework, and the teacher awards a sticker.This demonstrates the use of