Question 1

How does a child raised in the city learn to fear snakes and respond emotionally to mere pictures of them?

Accepted Answer

A) The child was told repeatedly that "snakes are dangerous." 
B) The child observed others reacting forcefully to the word snake or to snake images on television. 
C) The child, like all humans, has an innate fear of snakes and other reptiles. 
D) The child has been bitten by other animals and generalizes this fear to all animals, including snakes. 
A) The child was told repeatedly that "snakes are dangerous." 
B) The child observed others reacting forcefully to the word snake or to snake images on television. 
C) The child, like all humans, has an innate fear of snakes and other reptiles. 
D) The child has been bitten by other animals and generalizes this fear to all animals, including snakes.

Question 2

A CER is a(n) _____ response that has been linked to a previously _____ stimulus by classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) emotional; non-emotional 
B) expected; unexpected 
C) natural; artificial 
D) reinforced; non-reinforced 
A) emotional; non-emotional 
B) expected; unexpected 
C) natural; artificial 
D) reinforced; non-reinforced

Question 3

When computer-generated images are used to safely simulate the experience of boarding an airplane for a person with a phobia of air travel, the person is undergoing one method used in

Accepted Answer

A) desensitization. 
B) cognitive mapping. 
C) latent learning. 
D) higher order acquisition. 
A) desensitization. 
B) cognitive mapping. 
C) latent learning. 
D) higher order acquisition.

Question 4

During a conditioned emotional response, an area of the brain called the _____ becomes more active and produces feelings of fear.

Accepted Answer

A) pons 
B) reticular formation 
C) amygdala 
D) corpus callosum 
A) pons 
B) reticular formation 
C) amygdala 
D) corpus callosum

Question 5

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog that growled at you and the response of fear would be a type of _____ learning.

Accepted Answer

A) insight 
B) associative 
C) vicarious 
D) cognitive 
A) insight 
B) associative 
C) vicarious 
D) cognitive

Question 6

A phobia can often be interpreted as a

Accepted Answer

A) rational fear based upon realistic dangers. 
B) conditioned emotional response. 
C) fear shaped by operant conditioning in childhood. 
D) conscious attempt to act frightened in order to gain attention. 
A) rational fear based upon realistic dangers. 
B) conditioned emotional response. 
C) fear shaped by operant conditioning in childhood. 
D) conscious attempt to act frightened in order to gain attention.

Question 7

Mike and Jeff are brothers who have just moved with their parents into a beautiful old house.Mike soon discovers that if he flushes the toilet while Jeff is taking a shower, it will cause the water in the shower to become scalding hot.Naturally, Jeff screams as his reflexes cause him to leap backward in pain.After Mike has repeated this procedure several times, Jeff has begun to twitch involuntarily every time he hears any toilet flush.In this example, the sound of the flushing toilet would be the

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response (CR). 
B) conditioned stimulus (CS). 
C) unconditioned response (UR). 
D) unconditioned stimulus (US). 
A) conditioned response (CR). 
B) conditioned stimulus (CS). 
C) unconditioned response (UR). 
D) unconditioned stimulus (US).

Question 8

If you give a child her favorite licorice candy for doing well in school and she continues to do well in school, the licorice candy is

Accepted Answer

A) a reward and a reinforcer. 
B) a reward, but not a reinforcer. 
C) a reinforcer, but not a reward. 
D) neither a reinforcer nor a reward. 
A) a reward and a reinforcer. 
B) a reward, but not a reinforcer. 
C) a reinforcer, but not a reward. 
D) neither a reinforcer nor a reward.

Question 9

_____ is illustrated by the fact that many Americans were traumatized as a consequence of watching media coverage of the September 11th terrorist attacks and by the fact that people who counsel traumatized victims of sexual abuse sometimes become traumatized themselves.

Accepted Answer

A) Vicarious, or secondhand conditioning 
B) Instrumental, or operant conditioning. 
C) Response chaining 
D) Higher order acquisition 
A) Vicarious, or secondhand conditioning 
B) Instrumental, or operant conditioning. 
C) Response chaining 
D) Higher order acquisition

Question 10

A Skinner box is also called

Accepted Answer

A) a training cage. 
B) a reinforcement apparatus. 
C) a conditioning chamber. 
D) all of these. 
A) a training cage. 
B) a reinforcement apparatus. 
C) a conditioning chamber. 
D) all of these.

Question 11

A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

Accepted Answer

A) positive transference. 
B) response reconditioning. 
C) desensitization. 
D) insight therapy. 
A) positive transference. 
B) response reconditioning. 
C) desensitization. 
D) insight therapy.

Question 12

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) an automatic, non-learned response. 
B) observational learning. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) operant conditioning. 
A) an automatic, non-learned response. 
B) observational learning. 
C) classical conditioning. 
D) operant conditioning.

Question 13

If you walk under a ladder and then break a leg, you may avoid ladders in the future.Each time you avoid a ladder and nothing happens, this avoidance action is reinforced.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) the method of successive approximations. 
B) superstitious behavior. 
C) shaping. 
D) response chaining. 
A) the method of successive approximations. 
B) superstitious behavior. 
C) shaping. 
D) response chaining.

Question 14

Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner.Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy

Accepted Answer

A) after all the dishes are put away. 
B) at bedtime. 
C) next morning at breakfast. 
D) the next time that some dishes need to be put away. 
A) after all the dishes are put away. 
B) at bedtime. 
C) next morning at breakfast. 
D) the next time that some dishes need to be put away.

Question 15

Gordon wears the same blue shirt to class each time he has a major test because he believes that wearing that shirt will assure him an A just like he got on the first test when he was wearing this blue shirt.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) an unconditioned response. 
B) a primary reinforcer. 
C) a superstitious behavior. 
D) successive approximations. 
A) an unconditioned response. 
B) a primary reinforcer. 
C) a superstitious behavior. 
D) successive approximations.

Question 16

The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produces by the _____, a part of the limbic system, which is responsible for other emotions as well.

Accepted Answer

A) pons 
B) reticular formation 
C) amygdala 
D) corpus callosum 
A) pons 
B) reticular formation 
C) amygdala 
D) corpus callosum

Question 17

Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is a(n) _____ of Ashley running to the door and is what _____ her tendency to run to the door.

Accepted Answer

A) antecedent; reinforcers 
B) precursors; classically conditions 
C) stimuli; vicariously conditions 
D) consequence; reinforces 
A) antecedent; reinforcers 
B) precursors; classically conditions 
C) stimuli; vicariously conditions 
D) consequence; reinforces

Question 18

Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this tune is always associated with a character being in danger.This illustrates

Accepted Answer

A) shaping. 
B) a conditioned emotional response. 
C) a negative reinforcer. 
D) desensitization. 
A) shaping. 
B) a conditioned emotional response. 
C) a negative reinforcer. 
D) desensitization.

Question 19

_____ extend(s) learning to related situations, which makes us more adaptable.

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Spontaneous recoveries 
C) Extinction 
D) Acquisitional conditioning 
A) Stimulus generalization 
B) Spontaneous recoveries 
C) Extinction 
D) Acquisitional conditioning

Question 20

In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

Accepted Answer

A) occur after the response. 
B) occur before the response. 
C) occur simultaneously with the response. 
D) are unrelated to the response except during extinction. 
A) occur after the response. 
B) occur before the response. 
C) occur simultaneously with the response. 
D) are unrelated to the response except during extinction.

Exam 7: Extension A: Conditioning and Learning

How does a child raised in the city learn to fear snakes and respond emotionally to mere pictures of them?

A CER is a(n) _____ response that has been linked to a previously _____ stimulus by classical conditioning.

When computer-generated images are used to safely simulate the experience of boarding an airplane for a person with a phobia of air travel, the person is undergoing one method used in

During a conditioned emotional response, an area of the brain called the _____ becomes more active and produces feelings of fear.

Forming a connection between the stimulus of a dog that growled at you and the response of fear would be a type of _____ learning.

A phobia can often be interpreted as a

If you give a child her favorite licorice candy for doing well in school and she continues to do well in school, the licorice candy is

_____ is illustrated by the fact that many Americans were traumatized as a consequence of watching media coverage of the September 11th terrorist attacks and by the fact that people who counsel traumatized victims of sexual abuse sometimes become traumatized themselves.

A Skinner box is also called

A therapy widely used to extinguish fears and phobias is called

If you wear a particular tie and gets lots of compliments, you are more likely to wear this tie more often.This illustrates

If you walk under a ladder and then break a leg, you may avoid ladders in the future.Each time you avoid a ladder and nothing happens, this avoidance action is reinforced.This illustrates

Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner.Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior and will be most successful by praising Jimmy

Gordon wears the same blue shirt to class each time he has a major test because he believes that wearing that shirt will assure him an A just like he got on the first test when he was wearing this blue shirt.This illustrates

The feelings of fear that occur during a conditioned emotional response are produces by the _____, a part of the limbic system, which is responsible for other emotions as well.

Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is a(n) _____ of Ashley running to the door and is what _____ her tendency to run to the door.

Many people start tensing up during a horror movie whenever they hear a familiar tune because this tune is always associated with a character being in danger.This illustrates

_____ extend(s) learning to related situations, which makes us more adaptable.

In Thorndike's law of effect, events critical for conditioning

Introduction the Psychology

Extension A: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension B: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension C: Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods

Extension A: Brain and Behavior

Extension B: Brain and Behavior

Extension C: Brain and Behavior

Extension A: Human Development

Extension B: Human Development

Extension C: Human Development

Extension D: Human Development

Extension A: Sensation and Reality

Extension B: Sensation and Reality

Extension A: Perceiving the World

Extension B: Perceiving the World

Extension A: States of Consciousness

Extension B: States of Consciousness

Extension C: States of Consciousness

Extension D: States of Consciousness

Extension B: Conditioning and Learning

Extension C: Conditioning and Learning

Extension A: Memory

Extension B: Memory

Extension C: Memory

Extension A: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension B: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension C: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension D: Cognition, Language, Creativity, and Intelligence

Extension A: Motivation and Emotion

Extension B: Motivation and Emotion

Extension C: Motivation and Emotion

Extension D: Motivation and Emotion

Extension A: Gender and Sexuality

Extension B: Gender and Sexuality

Extension C: Gender and Sexuality

Extension A: Personality

Extension B: Personality

Extension C: Personality

Extension D: Personality

Extension A: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension B: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension C: Health, Stress, and Coping

Extension A: Psychological Disorders

Extension B: Psychological Disorders

Extension C: Psychological Disorders

Extension D: Psychological Disorders

Extension A: Therapies

Extension B: Therapies

Extension C: Therapies

Extension D: Therapies

Extension A: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension B: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension C: Social Thinking and Social Influence

Extension A: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension B: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension C: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Extension A: Applied Psychology

Extension B: Applied Psychology

Extension C: Applied Psychology

Appendix A: Behavioral Statistics

A CER is a(n) _ response that has been linked to a previously _ stimulus by classical conditioning.

Ashley runs to the front door, where she gets a hug from her father.This hug is a(n) _ of Ashley running to the door and is what _ her tendency to run to the door.