Question 1

The "attentional blink' is the brief period of time

Accepted Answer

A)  while information travels from one brain hemisphere to the other. 
B)  after perceiving one stimulus when it is difficult to perceive a second stimulus. 
C)  during which a person pays equal attention to two very different stimuli. 
D)  between the actual presence of a stimulus and the time the person notices it. 
A)  while information travels from one brain hemisphere to the other. 
B)  after perceiving one stimulus when it is difficult to perceive a second stimulus. 
C)  during which a person pays equal attention to two very different stimuli. 
D)  between the actual presence of a stimulus and the time the person notices it.

Question 2

Dr. Cutter finds that 90 percent of all people who need brain surgery have dandruff, while only 10 percent of all people with healthy brains have dandruff. He therefore recommends brain surgery for everyone with dandruff. What error is he making?

Accepted Answer

A)  failure to consider base-rate information 
B)  confusion of categorization-by-levels with categorization-by-features 
C)  failure to use heuristics to solve a problem 
D)  unwillingness to accept a risk 
A)  failure to consider base-rate information 
B)  confusion of categorization-by-levels with categorization-by-features 
C)  failure to use heuristics to solve a problem 
D)  unwillingness to accept a risk

Question 3

A person who suffers from __________ may be mentally retarded but still able to produce language in a normal and skillful way.

Accepted Answer

A)  Broca's aphasia 
B)  Williams syndrome 
C)  Rett syndrome 
D)  Wernicke's aphasia 
A)  Broca's aphasia 
B)  Williams syndrome 
C)  Rett syndrome 
D)  Wernicke's aphasia

Question 4

When most people read, they do so by seeing a "window" of about __________ letters.

Accepted Answer

A)  3 
B)  5 
C)  7 plus or minus 2 
D)  11 
A)  3 
B)  5 
C)  7 plus or minus 2 
D)  11

Question 5

During the moment after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to accurately perceive a second stimulus. This is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  blocking effect. 
B)  von Restorff effect. 
C)  attentional blink. 
D)  moment of truth. 
A)  blocking effect. 
B)  von Restorff effect. 
C)  attentional blink. 
D)  moment of truth.

Question 6

Deciding what you heard when you heard a word that contained an ambiguous sound (e.g., it could have been either "dent" or "tent") is influenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  both the immediate context following the word and the delayed context (words that come much later in the sentence). 
B)  the immediate context following the word, but not the delayed context. 
C)  the delayed context, but not the immediate context. 
D)  only the sounds of the word itself, not the context surrounding those sounds. 
A)  both the immediate context following the word and the delayed context (words that come much later in the sentence). 
B)  the immediate context following the word, but not the delayed context. 
C)  the delayed context, but not the immediate context. 
D)  only the sounds of the word itself, not the context surrounding those sounds.

Question 7

The language errors of 2- to 3-year-old children reveal that the children

Accepted Answer

A)  do not yet understand the meanings of the words they say. 
B)  seem to be applying grammatical rules, even when exceptions should apply. 
C)  speak mostly by imitation and rarely make a new sentence they have not heard someone else say. 
D)  learn to use the passive voice before they can use the active voice correctly. 
A)  do not yet understand the meanings of the words they say. 
B)  seem to be applying grammatical rules, even when exceptions should apply. 
C)  speak mostly by imitation and rarely make a new sentence they have not heard someone else say. 
D)  learn to use the passive voice before they can use the active voice correctly.

Question 8

Which procedure is an investigator likely to use in an experiment on the word-superiority effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Show someone cards, each of which contains one picture and one word, and ask whether the word describes the picture. 
B)  Start a conversation with someone who is performing a skilled nonverbal task, and examine possible interference. 
C)  Flash letters or words on a screen, and ask what the person saw. 
D)  Play different tape-recorded messages to the two ears, and ask what the person heard. 
A)  Show someone cards, each of which contains one picture and one word, and ask whether the word describes the picture. 
B)  Start a conversation with someone who is performing a skilled nonverbal task, and examine possible interference. 
C)  Flash letters or words on a screen, and ask what the person saw. 
D)  Play different tape-recorded messages to the two ears, and ask what the person heard.

Question 9

Research on the development of expertise reveals that, in general,

Accepted Answer

A)  experts were born with their special talent. 
B)  it takes about 1-2 years of concentrated effort to become an expert in most fields. 
C)  it takes about 10 years of concentrated effort to become an expert in most fields. 
D)  it takes about 20 years of concentrated effort to become an expert in most fields. 
A)  experts were born with their special talent. 
B)  it takes about 1-2 years of concentrated effort to become an expert in most fields. 
C)  it takes about 10 years of concentrated effort to become an expert in most fields. 
D)  it takes about 20 years of concentrated effort to become an expert in most fields.

Question 10

Compared to poor readers, good readers are more likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  skip over ambiguous words. 
B)  ignore previous context when trying to interpret ambiguous words. 
C)  suppress irrelevant meanings once the meanings of ambiguous words become clear. 
D)  activate several meanings when encountering an ambiguous word. 
A)  skip over ambiguous words. 
B)  ignore previous context when trying to interpret ambiguous words. 
C)  suppress irrelevant meanings once the meanings of ambiguous words become clear. 
D)  activate several meanings when encountering an ambiguous word.

Question 11

In decision making, __________ means searching only until you find something that is good enough.

Accepted Answer

A)  satisficing 
B)  availability heuristic 
C)  representative heuristic 
D)  maximizing 
A)  satisficing 
B)  availability heuristic 
C)  representative heuristic 
D)  maximizing

Question 12

The rate of progression through the stages of language ability

Accepted Answer

A)  is greatly accelerated if parents spend much time talking to the children. 
B)  is greatly depressed if parents spend much time talking to the children. 
C)  is approximately the same in all languages and all cultures. 
D)  varies greatly from one language or culture to another. 
A)  is greatly accelerated if parents spend much time talking to the children. 
B)  is greatly depressed if parents spend much time talking to the children. 
C)  is approximately the same in all languages and all cultures. 
D)  varies greatly from one language or culture to another.

Question 13

Compared to poor readers, good readers generally have

Accepted Answer

A)  fewer saccades. 
B)  longer saccades. 
C)  shorter fixations. 
D)  smaller vocabularies. 
A)  fewer saccades. 
B)  longer saccades. 
C)  shorter fixations. 
D)  smaller vocabularies.

Question 14

The willingness to do something we wouldn't otherwise choose to do because of money or effort already spent is termed the

Accepted Answer

A)  sunk cost effect. 
B)  availability heuristic. 
C)  confirmation bias. 
D)  self-serving bias. 
A)  sunk cost effect. 
B)  availability heuristic. 
C)  confirmation bias. 
D)  self-serving bias.

Question 15

In which situation would a heuristic be most useful?

Accepted Answer

A)  when you have no hypotheses about how to solve a problem 
B)  when you have committed yourself to one hypothesis 
C)  you cannot think of a way to test a hypothesis 
D)  you have too many hypotheses to test 
A)  when you have no hypotheses about how to solve a problem 
B)  when you have committed yourself to one hypothesis 
C)  you cannot think of a way to test a hypothesis 
D)  you have too many hypotheses to test

Question 16

When reading, a typical reader has about

Accepted Answer

A)  one fixation per minute. 
B)  one fixation per second. 
C)  four fixations per second. 
D)  100 fixations per second. 
A)  one fixation per minute. 
B)  one fixation per second. 
C)  four fixations per second. 
D)  100 fixations per second.

Question 17

If you are supposed to respond to either of two kinds of stimuli (such as the letter K or anything green), then if one comes quickly after another, you are likely to miss the second one. This phenomenon is called?

Accepted Answer

A)  the attentional blink. 
B)  the Stroop effect. 
C)  change blindness. 
D)  the representativeness heuristic. 
A)  the attentional blink. 
B)  the Stroop effect. 
C)  change blindness. 
D)  the representativeness heuristic.

Question 18

Which of the following statements regarding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is currently diagnosed in 40% of 7th graders. 
B)  No environmental correlates have been identified. 
C)  It is easy to differentiate children with ADHD from those with normal high energy. 
D)  It is diagnosed more frequently in boys than in girls. 
A)  It is currently diagnosed in 40% of 7th graders. 
B)  No environmental correlates have been identified. 
C)  It is easy to differentiate children with ADHD from those with normal high energy. 
D)  It is diagnosed more frequently in boys than in girls.

Question 19

Most people would prefer to take some action that would save 200 lives than an action that has a one-third chance of saving 600 lives. Which of the following procedures is most likely to get them to change their minds?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reframe the question so it asks about avoiding a loss of lives instead of making it possible to save lives. 
B)  Tell people to think over their decision for a day or two and talk about it with their friends. 
C)  Describe the two actions in more detail so the people understand how the procedures work. 
D)  Change the order of the question so that the people hear first about the possibility of a one-third chance of saving 600 lives. 
A)  Reframe the question so it asks about avoiding a loss of lives instead of making it possible to save lives. 
B)  Tell people to think over their decision for a day or two and talk about it with their friends. 
C)  Describe the two actions in more detail so the people understand how the procedures work. 
D)  Change the order of the question so that the people hear first about the possibility of a one-third chance of saving 600 lives.

Question 20

In decision making, __________ means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.

Accepted Answer

A)  maximizing 
B)  availability heuristic 
C)  representative heuristic 
D)  satisficing 
A)  maximizing 
B)  availability heuristic 
C)  representative heuristic 
D)  satisficing

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

The "attentional blink' is the brief period of time

Dr. Cutter finds that 90 percent of all people who need brain surgery have dandruff, while only 10 percent of all people with healthy brains have dandruff. He therefore recommends brain surgery for everyone with dandruff. What error is he making?

A person who suffers from __________ may be mentally retarded but still able to produce language in a normal and skillful way.

When most people read, they do so by seeing a "window" of about __________ letters.

During the moment after perceiving one stimulus, it is difficult to accurately perceive a second stimulus. This is called the

Deciding what you heard when you heard a word that contained an ambiguous sound (e.g., it could have been either "dent" or "tent") is influenced by

The language errors of 2- to 3-year-old children reveal that the children

Which procedure is an investigator likely to use in an experiment on the word-superiority effect?

Research on the development of expertise reveals that, in general,

Compared to poor readers, good readers are more likely to

In decision making, __________ means searching only until you find something that is good enough.

The rate of progression through the stages of language ability

Compared to poor readers, good readers generally have

The willingness to do something we wouldn't otherwise choose to do because of money or effort already spent is termed the

In which situation would a heuristic be most useful?

When reading, a typical reader has about

If you are supposed to respond to either of two kinds of stimuli (such as the letter K or anything green), then if one comes quickly after another, you are likely to miss the second one. This phenomenon is called?

Which of the following statements regarding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is TRUE?

Most people would prefer to take some action that would save 200 lives than an action that has a one-third chance of saving 600 lives. Which of the following procedures is most likely to get them to change their minds?

In decision making, __________ means thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one.

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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