Exam 8: Cognition and Language

People have difficulty understanding a statement like "She is not unfriendly" because

In certain experiments, expert chess players and beginning players have tried to memorize patterns of chess pieces on a board, sometimes examining pieces arranged randomly and sometimes examining pieces arranged as they might appear in a well-played game. What conclusion emerged from those experiments?

You are quite sure that it rains every time you wash your car. In fact, this is probably not true, but it is most related to which heuristic?

Which of the following is consistent with the word-superiority effect?

In an experiment subjects heard a tape-recorded sound that sounded halfway between "dent" and "tent." In which of the sentences below would subjects be most likely to report the word as "TENT"?

How do the language abilities of bonobos used in recent studies differ from those of the common chimpanzees used in earlier studies?

Subjects in an experiment heard a tape-recorded sentence in which a cough or a tone replaced the first "s" in the word legislatures (one of the words in the sentence). What were the results of this experiment?

Developing an expertise has been associated with physical changes in the brain, such as

One reason why "muh-muh" (or something similar) is the word for mother in so many languages is that

Each letter or short combination of letters in a language that forms a unit of sound is known as a

During saccadic eye movements,

Speed readers save time partly by keeping each fixation short. How else do they increase reading speed?

According to the Stroop effect, you would be likely say, "__________" if you were asked to name the color of ink of the word yellow written in blue ink.

A heuristic is

Most people tend to consider themselves better than average, or at least average, drivers. We do so because when we think of other drivers we most easily remember unusually bad drivers, and compare ourselves to them. In other words, we make a decision based on

Psychologists working with chimpanzees have been __________ to teach them how to speak and __________ to teach them how to use sign language.

You can either take the bus or a taxi to your friend's house, and you decide on the bus. After waiting at the bus stop for fifteen minutes, a taxi passes by, but you continue to wait for the bus, having waited so long already. Your decision is influenced by the

Studies of the brain areas for language in bilingual speakers indicate

When people with ADD or ADHD participate in a Stop Signal Task, pressing a button in response to a circle unless a beep sounds immediately,

The sequence of words as they are actually spoken or written is called the ____ of language.