Question 1

All of the following are situations when it would be appropriate to use a heuristic EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  when a decision has to be made quickly. 
B)  when a decision has to be made with limited information. 
C)  when a decision must be the right one. 
D)  when you can't go through Polya's four steps for solving a problem. 
A)  when a decision has to be made quickly. 
B)  when a decision has to be made with limited information. 
C)  when a decision must be the right one. 
D)  when you can't go through Polya's four steps for solving a problem.

Question 2

Critical thinking involves

Accepted Answer

A)  evaluation of evidence for and against a conclusion. 
B)  evaluation of evidence for a conclusion. 
C)  evaluation of evidence against a conclusion. 
D)  assumption of correctness of a conclusion until proven false. 
A)  evaluation of evidence for and against a conclusion. 
B)  evaluation of evidence for a conclusion. 
C)  evaluation of evidence against a conclusion. 
D)  assumption of correctness of a conclusion until proven false.

Question 3

"Mary chased the man" and "The man was chased by Mary" have

Accepted Answer

A)  a unique transformational grammar. 
B)  two deep structures but only one surface structure. 
C)  totally arbitrary speech sounds. 
D)  two surface structures but only one deep structure. 
A)  a unique transformational grammar. 
B)  two deep structures but only one surface structure. 
C)  totally arbitrary speech sounds. 
D)  two surface structures but only one deep structure.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of the word-superiority effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  People who live in Alaska know more words pertaining to snow than most people in Florida know. 
B)  People who start by learning the names of all the parts of an automobile engine eventually become superior auto mechanics. 
C)  People with a large vocabulary generally do better in school than people with a more limited vocabulary do. 
D)  People can identify the word WEST more easily than they can identify the letter W, after seeing both for just a split second. 
A)  People who live in Alaska know more words pertaining to snow than most people in Florida know. 
B)  People who start by learning the names of all the parts of an automobile engine eventually become superior auto mechanics. 
C)  People with a large vocabulary generally do better in school than people with a more limited vocabulary do. 
D)  People can identify the word WEST more easily than they can identify the letter W, after seeing both for just a split second.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an important factor in human language capabilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  decreased connections among cortical areas 
B)  a specialized area known as Broca's area 
C)  enormous expansion of the prefrontal cortex 
D)  a specialized area known as Wernicke's area 
A)  decreased connections among cortical areas 
B)  a specialized area known as Broca's area 
C)  enormous expansion of the prefrontal cortex 
D)  a specialized area known as Wernicke's area

Question 6

Which of the following would probably be the best prototype of "bird"?

Accepted Answer

A)  robin 
B)  ostrich 
C)  penguin 
D)  duck-billed platypus 
A)  robin 
B)  ostrich 
C)  penguin 
D)  duck-billed platypus

Question 7

During reading, people alternate between fixations and saccades (voluntary eye movements). An average adult can read about __________ letters during a fixation and __________ during a saccade.

Accepted Answer

A)  11...11 
B)  0...11 
C)  11...0 
D)  2...0 
A)  11...11 
B)  0...11 
C)  11...0 
D)  2...0

Question 8

The basic assumption behind connectionist models is that

Accepted Answer

A)  our perceptions and memories are represented as connections among units. 
B)  the language abilities of humans are connected to those of other species. 
C)  people with more neurons in their brains can remember more facts. 
D)  our thoughts are tied to the language that we speak. 
A)  our perceptions and memories are represented as connections among units. 
B)  the language abilities of humans are connected to those of other species. 
C)  people with more neurons in their brains can remember more facts. 
D)  our thoughts are tied to the language that we speak.

Question 9

Bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than any of the other apes in previous language-training studies. One possible explanation for their success is that their training

Accepted Answer

A)  began early in life and relied mainly on imitation. 
B)  used an equal balance of rewards and punishments. 
C)  used immediate positive reinforcement, based on the theories of Skinner. 
D)  used classical conditioning, based on the theories of Pavlov. 
A)  began early in life and relied mainly on imitation. 
B)  used an equal balance of rewards and punishments. 
C)  used immediate positive reinforcement, based on the theories of Skinner. 
D)  used classical conditioning, based on the theories of Pavlov.

Question 10

Subjects in an experiment were shown photographs of a scene and were asked to identify the scene. Some subjects were shown two versions (the first one extremely out of focus and the second slightly out of focus) while others saw only the second, slightly blurry photo. What were the results and why?

Accepted Answer

A)  Subjects who saw both pictures were better at identifying the second because they formed hypotheses about the first one. 
B)  Subjects who saw both pictures were worse at identifying the second because they formed hypotheses about the first one. 
C)  Subjects who saw both pictures were worse at identifying the second because viewing the first briefly interfered with their ability to focus their eyes. 
D)  All subjects were equally able to identify the context of the second photo, regardless of whether or not they had seen the extremely blurry version. 
A)  Subjects who saw both pictures were better at identifying the second because they formed hypotheses about the first one. 
B)  Subjects who saw both pictures were worse at identifying the second because they formed hypotheses about the first one. 
C)  Subjects who saw both pictures were worse at identifying the second because viewing the first briefly interfered with their ability to focus their eyes. 
D)  All subjects were equally able to identify the context of the second photo, regardless of whether or not they had seen the extremely blurry version.

Question 11

Research examining language abilities in chimpanzees suggests that chimps can

Accepted Answer

A)  learn spoken language, but teaching them is very difficult. 
B)  learn to use many symbols in sign language. 
C)  not learn anything that resembles human language because they lack intelligence. 
D)  not learn sign language but they can learn spoken language. 
A)  learn spoken language, but teaching them is very difficult. 
B)  learn to use many symbols in sign language. 
C)  not learn anything that resembles human language because they lack intelligence. 
D)  not learn sign language but they can learn spoken language.

Question 12

An experimenter flashes one or more letters on the screen for a split second and then asks the viewer what he or she saw. Under which of the following conditions is the viewer most likely to answer correctly?

Accepted Answer

A)  The experimenter flashes C or J and asks what the letter was. 
B)  The experimenter flashes CKOV or JKOV and asks for the first letter. 
C)  The experimenter flashes CJ and asks what the two letters were. 
D)  The experimenter flashes COIN or JOIN and asks for the first letter. 
A)  The experimenter flashes C or J and asks what the letter was. 
B)  The experimenter flashes CKOV or JKOV and asks for the first letter. 
C)  The experimenter flashes CJ and asks what the two letters were. 
D)  The experimenter flashes COIN or JOIN and asks for the first letter.

Question 13

Reading the word "petal" in a paragraph before presenting the letters "ltepa" may predispose the respondent to solve the anagram as "petal" rather than "plate". This phenomenon is called

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive facilitation. 
B)  priming. 
C)  spreading activation. 
D)  hindsight bias. 
A)  cognitive facilitation. 
B)  priming. 
C)  spreading activation. 
D)  hindsight bias.

Question 14

The tendency to look for evidence supporting one particular hypothesis and not considering other possibilities is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  availability heuristic. 
B)  base-rate error. 
C)  confirmation bias. 
D)  framing effect. 
A)  availability heuristic. 
B)  base-rate error. 
C)  confirmation bias. 
D)  framing effect.

Question 15

When an experimenter flashes the letter P on the screen for a split second, you cannot identify it. Yet when the experimenter flashes PARK on the screen for the same period of time, you do identify it. This is an example of the

Accepted Answer

A)  Stroop effect. 
B)  availability heuristic. 
C)  representativeness heuristic. 
D)  word-superiority effect. 
A)  Stroop effect. 
B)  availability heuristic. 
C)  representativeness heuristic. 
D)  word-superiority effect.

Question 16

When 2- to 3-year-old children speak, they

Accepted Answer

A)  speak better than they understand speech. 
B)  seldom say a sentence they have not already heard someone else say. 
C)  overgeneralize grammatical rules. 
D)  use many verbs but few nouns. 
A)  speak better than they understand speech. 
B)  seldom say a sentence they have not already heard someone else say. 
C)  overgeneralize grammatical rules. 
D)  use many verbs but few nouns.

Question 17

A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called

Accepted Answer

A)  an heuristic. 
B)  an algorithm. 
C)  a prototype. 
D)  a cognitive map. 
A)  an heuristic. 
B)  an algorithm. 
C)  a prototype. 
D)  a cognitive map.

Question 18

What are algorithms?

Accepted Answer

A)  mental representations of spatial arrangements 
B)  mechanical, repetitive mathematical procedures for solving a problem 
C)  strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation 
D)  highly typical members of a category 
A)  mental representations of spatial arrangements 
B)  mechanical, repetitive mathematical procedures for solving a problem 
C)  strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation 
D)  highly typical members of a category

Question 19

What were the results of studies beginning in the 1920s, in which chimpanzees were raised by psychologists in their homes?

Accepted Answer

A)  The chimpanzees developed the ability to use availability heuristics, but not representativeness heuristics. 
B)  The chimpanzees showed only limited understanding of language, and were not able to speak. 
C)  The chimpanzees became increasingly violent and aggressive, and had to be returned to their colonies. 
D)  The behavior of the chimpanzees remained unchanged, but the families began to eat a lot of bananas and groomed each other. 
A)  The chimpanzees developed the ability to use availability heuristics, but not representativeness heuristics. 
B)  The chimpanzees showed only limited understanding of language, and were not able to speak. 
C)  The chimpanzees became increasingly violent and aggressive, and had to be returned to their colonies. 
D)  The behavior of the chimpanzees remained unchanged, but the families began to eat a lot of bananas and groomed each other.

Question 20

Edna suffers a stroke and is left with a condition characterized by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language. This condition is known as __________ aphasia.

Accepted Answer

A)  Wernicke's 
B)  Chomsky's 
C)  Pinker's 
D)  Broca's 
A)  Wernicke's 
B)  Chomsky's 
C)  Pinker's 
D)  Broca's

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

All of the following are situations when it would be appropriate to use a heuristic EXCEPT

Critical thinking involves

"Mary chased the man" and "The man was chased by Mary" have

Which of the following is an example of the word-superiority effect?

Which of the following is NOT an important factor in human language capabilities?

Which of the following would probably be the best prototype of "bird"?

During reading, people alternate between fixations and saccades (voluntary eye movements). An average adult can read about __________ letters during a fixation and __________ during a saccade.

The basic assumption behind connectionist models is that

Bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than any of the other apes in previous language-training studies. One possible explanation for their success is that their training

Subjects in an experiment were shown photographs of a scene and were asked to identify the scene. Some subjects were shown two versions (the first one extremely out of focus and the second slightly out of focus) while others saw only the second, slightly blurry photo. What were the results and why?

Research examining language abilities in chimpanzees suggests that chimps can

An experimenter flashes one or more letters on the screen for a split second and then asks the viewer what he or she saw. Under which of the following conditions is the viewer most likely to answer correctly?

Reading the word "petal" in a paragraph before presenting the letters "ltepa" may predispose the respondent to solve the anagram as "petal" rather than "plate". This phenomenon is called

The tendency to look for evidence supporting one particular hypothesis and not considering other possibilities is known as the

When an experimenter flashes the letter P on the screen for a split second, you cannot identify it. Yet when the experimenter flashes PARK on the screen for the same period of time, you do identify it. This is an example of the

When 2- to 3-year-old children speak, they

A mechanical, repetitive procedure for solving a problem or testing every hypothesis is called

What are algorithms?

What were the results of studies beginning in the 1920s, in which chimpanzees were raised by psychologists in their homes?

Edna suffers a stroke and is left with a condition characterized by difficulty recalling the names of objects and impaired comprehension of language. This condition is known as __________ aphasia.

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

Filters

During reading, people alternate between fixations and saccades (voluntary eye movements). An average adult can read about letters during a fixation and during a saccade.