Question 1

This chapter mainly concerns itself with which one of the following questions?

Accepted Answer

A)  If you want to find out what people think or what they know, why not ask them? 
B)  How can we measure thinking? 
C)  How much can your attention hold at once? 
D)  Why do people prefer a slim chance at a fortune to a small but sure gain? 
A)  If you want to find out what people think or what they know, why not ask them? 
B)  How can we measure thinking? 
C)  How much can your attention hold at once? 
D)  Why do people prefer a slim chance at a fortune to a small but sure gain?

Question 2

The tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself, is known as the

Accepted Answer

A)  Stroop effect. 
B)  base-rate effect. 
C)  representativeness heuristic. 
D)  availability heuristic. 
A)  Stroop effect. 
B)  base-rate effect. 
C)  representativeness heuristic. 
D)  availability heuristic.

Question 3

Zeke sees someone at the grocery store who looks like a famous movie actor. He assumes it really is the actor and overlooks the fact that about 1% of all adult men look a little like that actor. What error has Zeke made?

Accepted Answer

A)  failure to rely on the availability heuristic 
B)  failure to use a cognitive map 
C)  failure to consider base-rate information 
D)  the Stroop effect 
A)  failure to rely on the availability heuristic 
B)  failure to use a cognitive map 
C)  failure to consider base-rate information 
D)  the Stroop effect

Question 4

Which of the following has been used to explain the word-superiority effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  expected value 
B)  Pinker's hypothesis 
C)  Whorf's fallacy 
D)  connectionist models 
A)  expected value 
B)  Pinker's hypothesis 
C)  Whorf's fallacy 
D)  connectionist models

Question 5

Common chimpanzees who have learned to use sign language or visual symbols that represent words

Accepted Answer

A)  frequently describe things with the symbols. 
B)  use their symbols almost exclusively to make requests. 
C)  often link symbols together to form new sentences. 
D)  are able to understand the symbols, even when arranged in an unfamiliar order. 
A)  frequently describe things with the symbols. 
B)  use their symbols almost exclusively to make requests. 
C)  often link symbols together to form new sentences. 
D)  are able to understand the symbols, even when arranged in an unfamiliar order.

Question 6

The phenomenon known as the "attentional blink" illustrates the fact that

Accepted Answer

A)  if something changes or moves very slowly, you usually do not notice it. 
B)  immediately after you blink your eyes, colors seem brighter and lines seem sharper. 
C)  shortly after responding to one stimulus, you tend to ignore another stimulus. 
D)  you can do two things at once, but you cannot plan two actions at once. 
A)  if something changes or moves very slowly, you usually do not notice it. 
B)  immediately after you blink your eyes, colors seem brighter and lines seem sharper. 
C)  shortly after responding to one stimulus, you tend to ignore another stimulus. 
D)  you can do two things at once, but you cannot plan two actions at once.

Question 7

When chess experts were shown a chess board and asked to recall the pieces, they

Accepted Answer

A)  recalled more poorly than novices; apparently their expertise got in the way. 
B)  remembered better than novices whether the pieces were arranged as in a game or randomly. 
C)  remembered more poorly than novices if the pieces were arranged as in a game, but better if they were arranged randomly. 
D)  remembered better than novices if the pieces were arranged as in a game, but about the same if they were arranged randomly. 
A)  recalled more poorly than novices; apparently their expertise got in the way. 
B)  remembered better than novices whether the pieces were arranged as in a game or randomly. 
C)  remembered more poorly than novices if the pieces were arranged as in a game, but better if they were arranged randomly. 
D)  remembered better than novices if the pieces were arranged as in a game, but about the same if they were arranged randomly.

Question 8

Researchers ask a chess expert and an average player to examine chess pieces on a board and memorize the position quickly. Under what circumstances, if any, does the chess expert perform significantly better than the average player?

Accepted Answer

A)  Under all circumstances. 
B)  Only if the pieces are arranged in a way that occurs in well-played games. 
C)  Only if the pieces are arranged in an unusual or haphazard way. 
D)  Under no circumstances. 
A)  Under all circumstances. 
B)  Only if the pieces are arranged in a way that occurs in well-played games. 
C)  Only if the pieces are arranged in an unusual or haphazard way. 
D)  Under no circumstances.

Question 9

What is the Stroop effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  the strategy of assuming that the number of available memories of an event indicates how common the event actually is 
B)  the tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself 
C)  the greater ease of identifying a letter when it is part of a whole word than when it is presented by itself 
D)  the difficulty of naming the colors in which words are written instead of reading the words themselves 
A)  the strategy of assuming that the number of available memories of an event indicates how common the event actually is 
B)  the tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself 
C)  the greater ease of identifying a letter when it is part of a whole word than when it is presented by itself 
D)  the difficulty of naming the colors in which words are written instead of reading the words themselves

Question 10

The basic conclusion about attention from the research on change blindness is that

Accepted Answer

A)  our attention seems to be automatically drawn to change. 
B)  we are so prepared to detect sameness that we appear incapable of detecting change. 
C)  we notice a few details (depending on what we paid attention to) but otherwise we retain the gist of a scene. 
D)  attention cannot be studied scientifically in the way that memory can. 
A)  our attention seems to be automatically drawn to change. 
B)  we are so prepared to detect sameness that we appear incapable of detecting change. 
C)  we notice a few details (depending on what we paid attention to) but otherwise we retain the gist of a scene. 
D)  attention cannot be studied scientifically in the way that memory can.

Question 11

A student in one experiment is showing the Stroop effect. Which change in the usual procedure would probably stop the student from showing this effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  Have the student hold the page closer to his or her eyes. 
B)  Write the words in a language the student does not know. 
C)  Write the words in all capital letters. 
D)  Encourage the student to speak as rapidly as possible. 
A)  Have the student hold the page closer to his or her eyes. 
B)  Write the words in a language the student does not know. 
C)  Write the words in all capital letters. 
D)  Encourage the student to speak as rapidly as possible.

Question 12

According to transformational grammar, what is the relationship between the deep structure of a sentence and its surface structure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two sentences with the same surface structure must have the same deep structure. 
B)  Two sentences with the same deep structure must have the same surface structure. 
C)  Two sentences with the same deep structure cannot have the same surface structure. 
D)  Two sentences with the same deep structure may or may not have the same surface structure. 
A)  Two sentences with the same surface structure must have the same deep structure. 
B)  Two sentences with the same deep structure must have the same surface structure. 
C)  Two sentences with the same deep structure cannot have the same surface structure. 
D)  Two sentences with the same deep structure may or may not have the same surface structure.

Question 13

Transformational grammar is the set of rules we learn for

Accepted Answer

A)  changing words from past to present tense, and vice versa. 
B)  changing our manner of speech to conform to the audience (e.g., adults versus young children). 
C)  translating foreign words into English. 
D)  making and interpreting sentences. 
A)  changing words from past to present tense, and vice versa. 
B)  changing our manner of speech to conform to the audience (e.g., adults versus young children). 
C)  translating foreign words into English. 
D)  making and interpreting sentences.

Question 14

Children with Williams syndrome are theoretically fascinating because many of them

Accepted Answer

A)  have good language despite low overall intelligence. 
B)  have long attention span despite poor memory. 
C)  have good visual memory despite poor overall vision. 
D)  have strong motivations but weak emotions. 
A)  have good language despite low overall intelligence. 
B)  have long attention span despite poor memory. 
C)  have good visual memory despite poor overall vision. 
D)  have strong motivations but weak emotions.

Question 15

Not considering using an item (e.g. dime) in a non-traditional way (e.g. as a screwdriver) is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  confirmation bias. 
B)  framing effect. 
C)  functional fixedness. 
D)  base-use effect. 
A)  confirmation bias. 
B)  framing effect. 
C)  functional fixedness. 
D)  base-use effect.

Question 16

Infants around age 6 months babble. To what extent is their babbling influenced by what they hear?

Accepted Answer

A)  The more the infant hears, the less it babbles. 
B)  From birth onward, the amount of babbling is directly proportional to how much the parents talk to the infant. 
C)  At first infants copy the sounds they hear; later they begin to invent new sounds of their own. 
D)  At first, what infants hear makes no difference; later they begin to copy the sounds they hear. 
A)  The more the infant hears, the less it babbles. 
B)  From birth onward, the amount of babbling is directly proportional to how much the parents talk to the infant. 
C)  At first infants copy the sounds they hear; later they begin to invent new sounds of their own. 
D)  At first, what infants hear makes no difference; later they begin to copy the sounds they hear.

Question 17

You are looking for a well-camouflaged animal in an exhibit at the zoo. Finding it will require

Accepted Answer

A)  an attentive process. 
B)  an affective reaction. 
C)  a preattentive process. 
D)  spreading activation. 
A)  an attentive process. 
B)  an affective reaction. 
C)  a preattentive process. 
D)  spreading activation.

Question 18

Extended practice at a skill can improve

Accepted Answer

A)  anyone's ability at that skill to the point where he or she becomes an expert. 
B)  development in the brain areas specific to that skill. 
C)  other related skills, so someone who becomes an expert at memorizing numbers can as easily memorize faces. 
D)  overall brain functioning, reducing the likelihood of mental decline. 
A)  anyone's ability at that skill to the point where he or she becomes an expert. 
B)  development in the brain areas specific to that skill. 
C)  other related skills, so someone who becomes an expert at memorizing numbers can as easily memorize faces. 
D)  overall brain functioning, reducing the likelihood of mental decline.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "parentese?"

Accepted Answer

A)  a style of speaking to infants that is present throughout the world in all languages 
B)  stimulation of infant language areas with repetitive basic sounds such as "goo-goo" 
C)  speech that prolongs vowels and emphasizes differences between words 
D)  a pattern of speech that infants listen to more intently 
A)  a style of speaking to infants that is present throughout the world in all languages 
B)  stimulation of infant language areas with repetitive basic sounds such as "goo-goo" 
C)  speech that prolongs vowels and emphasizes differences between words 
D)  a pattern of speech that infants listen to more intently

Question 20

Someone who overlooks base-rate information is likely to make which kind of error?

Accepted Answer

A)  accepting too large a risk of losing a large amount 
B)  accepting the first hypothesis considered and rejecting all others 
C)  being excessively cautious about making any decision at all 
D)  identifying some common event as if it were some other, rare event 
A)  accepting too large a risk of losing a large amount 
B)  accepting the first hypothesis considered and rejecting all others 
C)  being excessively cautious about making any decision at all 
D)  identifying some common event as if it were some other, rare event

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

This chapter mainly concerns itself with which one of the following questions?

The tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself, is known as the

Zeke sees someone at the grocery store who looks like a famous movie actor. He assumes it really is the actor and overlooks the fact that about 1% of all adult men look a little like that actor. What error has Zeke made?

Which of the following has been used to explain the word-superiority effect?

Common chimpanzees who have learned to use sign language or visual symbols that represent words

The phenomenon known as the "attentional blink" illustrates the fact that

When chess experts were shown a chess board and asked to recall the pieces, they

Researchers ask a chess expert and an average player to examine chess pieces on a board and memorize the position quickly. Under what circumstances, if any, does the chess expert perform significantly better than the average player?

What is the Stroop effect?

The basic conclusion about attention from the research on change blindness is that

A student in one experiment is showing the Stroop effect. Which change in the usual procedure would probably stop the student from showing this effect?

According to transformational grammar, what is the relationship between the deep structure of a sentence and its surface structure?

Transformational grammar is the set of rules we learn for

Children with Williams syndrome are theoretically fascinating because many of them

Not considering using an item (e.g. dime) in a non-traditional way (e.g. as a screwdriver) is an example of

Infants around age 6 months babble. To what extent is their babbling influenced by what they hear?

You are looking for a well-camouflaged animal in an exhibit at the zoo. Finding it will require

Extended practice at a skill can improve

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of "parentese?"

Someone who overlooks base-rate information is likely to make which kind of error?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

Learning

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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