Question 1

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective assume that psychological processes are subject to the principle of:

Accepted Answer

A) social loafing. 
B) unconscious conflict. 
C) collectivism. 
D) natural selection. 
A) social loafing. 
B) unconscious conflict. 
C) collectivism. 
D) natural selection.

Question 2

Which of the following perspectives in psychology seeks to counterbalance psychology's traditional emphasis on psychological problems and disorders?

Accepted Answer

A) positive psychology 
B) psychodynamic 
C) evolutionary 
D) cross-cultural 
A) positive psychology 
B) psychodynamic 
C) evolutionary 
D) cross-cultural

Question 3

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.

Accepted Answer

A) Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener 
B) William James; Mary Whiton Calkins 
C) Edward Titchener; William James 
D) Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt 
A) Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener 
B) William James; Mary Whiton Calkins 
C) Edward Titchener; William James 
D) Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt

Question 4

_____ psychology focuses on individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique.

Accepted Answer

A) Educational 
B) Social 
C) Cross-cultural 
D) Personality 
A) Educational 
B) Social 
C) Cross-cultural 
D) Personality

Question 5

Which of the following statements is an important advantage of surveys?

Accepted Answer

A) Surveys can be developed by people with no scientific training. 
B) Researchers are able to gather information from a larger group of than is possible with other research methods. 
C) The dependent variable is more easily manipulated than in formal experiments. 
D) If there are more than 3,000 participants, the results are likely to be valid no matter how the participants were chosen. 
A) Surveys can be developed by people with no scientific training. 
B) Researchers are able to gather information from a larger group of than is possible with other research methods. 
C) The dependent variable is more easily manipulated than in formal experiments. 
D) If there are more than 3,000 participants, the results are likely to be valid no matter how the participants were chosen.

Question 6

Under the American Psychological Association's ethical code for psychologists psychological researchers:

Accepted Answer

A) must respect the dignity and welfare of the research participants. 
B) must consult each participant's family doctor. 
C) are never allowed to deceptive techniques as part of a study. 
D) can identify research participants by name, but only in professional journals. 
A) must respect the dignity and welfare of the research participants. 
B) must consult each participant's family doctor. 
C) are never allowed to deceptive techniques as part of a study. 
D) can identify research participants by name, but only in professional journals.

Question 7

A meta-analysis is most useful when:

Accepted Answer

A) there are not enough participants in an experiment. 
B) a particular issue has generated a large number of studies, some of which have produced weak or contradictory results. 
C) the statistical analysis indicates that the results are statistically significant but the hypothesis is not supported. 
D) the experiment has never been replicated. 
A) there are not enough participants in an experiment. 
B) a particular issue has generated a large number of studies, some of which have produced weak or contradictory results. 
C) the statistical analysis indicates that the results are statistically significant but the hypothesis is not supported. 
D) the experiment has never been replicated.

Question 8

The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:

Accepted Answer

A) Mary Whiton Calkins. 
B) Margaret Floy Washburn. 
C) Sandra Bem. 
D) Leta Hollingworth. 
A) Mary Whiton Calkins. 
B) Margaret Floy Washburn. 
C) Sandra Bem. 
D) Leta Hollingworth.

Question 9

Both the structuralists and the functionalists agreed that:

Accepted Answer

A) psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors. 
B) psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings. 
C) psychology should study conscious experience. 
D) psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing. 
A) psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors. 
B) psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings. 
C) psychology should study conscious experience. 
D) psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing.

Question 10

Who made the statement "Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic."?

Accepted Answer

A) Sigmund Freud 
B) Edward B. Titchener 
C) William James 
D) John B. Watson 
A) Sigmund Freud 
B) Edward B. Titchener 
C) William James 
D) John B. Watson

Question 11

Barongon is a counseling psychologist who emphasizes the importance of choices and self-direction to his clients so that they can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) cross-cultural 
B) psychodynamic 
C) cognitive 
D) humanistic 
A) cross-cultural 
B) psychodynamic 
C) cognitive 
D) humanistic

Question 12

To ensure that participants are responding honestly and consistently, survey researchers:

Accepted Answer

A) usually withhold payment for participating in the survey until the person's answers have been independently checked and verified. 
B) almost always interview the participants on two separate occasions using two different interviewers. 
C) sometimes ask the same basic question at different points in the interview in different ways. 
D) routinely check the participant's responses with the spouse or a friend of the participant. 
A) usually withhold payment for participating in the survey until the person's answers have been independently checked and verified. 
B) almost always interview the participants on two separate occasions using two different interviewers. 
C) sometimes ask the same basic question at different points in the interview in different ways. 
D) routinely check the participant's responses with the spouse or a friend of the participant.

Question 13

The experimental group is the group of:

Accepted Answer

A) participants exposed to the dependent variable. 
B) participants exposed to the independent variable. 
C) psychologists who are collaborating on an experiment. 
D) variables that require operational definitions. 
A) participants exposed to the dependent variable. 
B) participants exposed to the independent variable. 
C) psychologists who are collaborating on an experiment. 
D) variables that require operational definitions.

Question 14

A correlational study:

Accepted Answer

A) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another. 
B) can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. 
C) is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidelines. 
D) has little utility, since it is merely descriptive. 
A) examines how strongly two variables are related to one another. 
B) can be used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. 
C) is no longer allowed under today's ethical guidelines. 
D) has little utility, since it is merely descriptive.

Question 15

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two factors?

Accepted Answer

A) -)15 
B) +)03 
C) +)38 
D) -)80 
A) -)15 
B) +)03 
C) +)38 
D) -)80

Question 16

Which of the following titles would MOST likely be found in a research journal for social psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) "Increased levels of the male hormone, testosterone, causes increased aggressive behavior in laboratory rats." 
B) "How the presence of other people affects helping behavior in public situations." 
C) "Decreases in intellectual functioning can be reversed through increased mental activities in the older adult." 
D) "Motivational effects of stress" 
A) "Increased levels of the male hormone, testosterone, causes increased aggressive behavior in laboratory rats." 
B) "How the presence of other people affects helping behavior in public situations." 
C) "Decreases in intellectual functioning can be reversed through increased mental activities in the older adult." 
D) "Motivational effects of stress"

Question 17

Paul Solomon and his colleagues investigated the effects of the herb ginkgo biloba on memory, concentration, and other mental tasks. All participants in the study took a battery of cognitive tests at the beginning and end of the six-week study. The results showed that the test scores increased about the same for the participants in the experimental group as for the participants in the placebo control group. How is this best explained?

Accepted Answer

A) The researchers did not use a double-blind technique in the study, and therefore the results may have been influenced by demand characteristics. 
B) Because the researchers failed to use random assignment the ginkgo biloba group may have had more "health conscious" participants than the placebo group, which may have biased the results. 
C) From simply taking the cognitive tests twice the participants in both groups experienced a practice effect that improved their test scores. 
D) Because the test scores had improved by the end of the experiment it can be concluded that ginkgo biloba significantly improves memory, alertness, concentration, and mental focus. 
A) The researchers did not use a double-blind technique in the study, and therefore the results may have been influenced by demand characteristics. 
B) Because the researchers failed to use random assignment the ginkgo biloba group may have had more "health conscious" participants than the placebo group, which may have biased the results. 
C) From simply taking the cognitive tests twice the participants in both groups experienced a practice effect that improved their test scores. 
D) Because the test scores had improved by the end of the experiment it can be concluded that ginkgo biloba significantly improves memory, alertness, concentration, and mental focus.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism. 
B) Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness. 
C) Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior. 
D) John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic. 
A) B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism. 
B) Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness. 
C) Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior. 
D) John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic.

Question 19

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, and memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Aristotle 
B) Descartes 
C) Calkins 
D) James 
A) Aristotle 
B) Descartes 
C) Calkins 
D) James

Question 20

The founder of the school of behaviorism was:

Accepted Answer

A) G. Stanley Hall. 
B) William James. 
C) John Watson. 
D) Carl Rogers. 
A) G. Stanley Hall. 
B) William James. 
C) John Watson. 
D) Carl Rogers.

Exam 1: Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective assume that psychological processes are subject to the principle of:

Which of the following perspectives in psychology seeks to counterbalance psychology's traditional emphasis on psychological problems and disorders?

_____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.

_____ psychology focuses on individual differences and the characteristics that make each person unique.

Which of the following statements is an important advantage of surveys?

Under the American Psychological Association's ethical code for psychologists psychological researchers:

A meta-analysis is most useful when:

The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:

Both the structuralists and the functionalists agreed that:

Barongon is a counseling psychologist who emphasizes the importance of choices and self-direction to his clients so that they can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.

To ensure that participants are responding honestly and consistently, survey researchers:

The experimental group is the group of:

A correlational study:

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two factors?

Which of the following titles would MOST likely be found in a research journal for social psychology?

Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE?

Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, and memory?

The founder of the school of behaviorism was:

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 2: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 1: Psychological Disorders

Section 2: Psychological Disorders

_ is to structuralism as _ is to functionalism.