Question 1

Which of the following four steps are used when determining the validity of a scientific claim?

Accepted Answer

A) Formulate a hypothesis, design a study to collect data, analyze the data, and report the results. 
B) Identify an operational definition, analyze the variables, evaluate the statistical significance, and ensure replication. 
C) Identify the independent variable, measure the dependent variable, consider confounding variables, and determine cause-and-effect relationships. 
D) Identify the claim, evaluate the evidence, consider alternative explanations, and consider the source of the research or claim. 
A) Formulate a hypothesis, design a study to collect data, analyze the data, and report the results. 
B) Identify an operational definition, analyze the variables, evaluate the statistical significance, and ensure replication. 
C) Identify the independent variable, measure the dependent variable, consider confounding variables, and determine cause-and-effect relationships. 
D) Identify the claim, evaluate the evidence, consider alternative explanations, and consider the source of the research or claim.

Question 2

In order to test the hypothesis that premarital education enhances marital quality, Dr. Stanley should first:

Accepted Answer

A) conduct pseudoscientific research. 
B) use naturalistic observation to observe happily married couples. 
C) operationally define the terms premarital education and marital quality. 
D) avoid operational definitions because they reflect preconceived ideas and biases. 
A) conduct pseudoscientific research. 
B) use naturalistic observation to observe happily married couples. 
C) operationally define the terms premarital education and marital quality. 
D) avoid operational definitions because they reflect preconceived ideas and biases.

Question 3

The word pseudo means:

Accepted Answer

A) numerous or many. 
B) fake or false. 
C) applied or practical. 
D) unconventional or unusual. 
A) numerous or many. 
B) fake or false. 
C) applied or practical. 
D) unconventional or unusual.

Question 4

Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A) nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism 
B) fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli 
C) mental disorders and abnormal behavior 
D) damaged areas of the human brain 
A) nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism 
B) fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli 
C) mental disorders and abnormal behavior 
D) damaged areas of the human brain

Question 5

Clinical psychologists:

Accepted Answer

A) are medical doctors. 
B) can prescribe medicine in all 50 states. 
C) are trained in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders. 
D) can hospitalize clients and order biomedical therapies, such as ECT. 
A) are medical doctors. 
B) can prescribe medicine in all 50 states. 
C) are trained in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders. 
D) can hospitalize clients and order biomedical therapies, such as ECT.

Question 6

Professor Anderson is interested in how family relationships change over time. During the last two decades, he has kept track of and repeatedly surveyed the same group of 3,000 participants about changes in their relationship with their parents and siblings. Professor Anderson is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

Accepted Answer

A) forensic 
B) health 
C) rehabilitation 
D) developmental 
A) forensic 
B) health 
C) rehabilitation 
D) developmental

Question 7

All psychologists who do research:

Accepted Answer

A) are scientists. 
B) have a medical background. 
C) must pass a state licensure test. 
D) are pseudoscientists. 
A) are scientists. 
B) have a medical background. 
C) must pass a state licensure test. 
D) are pseudoscientists.

Question 8

Juanita participated in a psychology research project that involved solving a number of arithmetic problems. During the experiment, she was informed that her solutions were incorrect. After the experiment was completed, a research assistant explained the purpose of the experiment. He told Juanita that she had actually answered all items correctly, and then explained why the experiment required that she be told that her answers were wrong. This stage of the research represents:

Accepted Answer

A) informed consent. 
B) confidentiality. 
C) debriefing. 
D) voluntary participation. 
A) informed consent. 
B) confidentiality. 
C) debriefing. 
D) voluntary participation.

Question 9

A study on parental use of corporal punishment found a relationship between parental socioeconomic status and use of corporal punishment. Put simply, as socioeconomic status declines, the rate of parents' use of corporal punishment rises. This finding represents a:

Accepted Answer

A) cause-and-effect relationship. 
B) positive correlation. 
C) negative correlation. 
D) classic example of an expectancy effect. 
A) cause-and-effect relationship. 
B) positive correlation. 
C) negative correlation. 
D) classic example of an expectancy effect.

Question 10

Who would have been MOST likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"?

Accepted Answer

A) William James 
B) John B. Watson 
C) Sigmund Freud 
D) G. Stanley Hall 
A) William James 
B) John B. Watson 
C) Sigmund Freud 
D) G. Stanley Hall

Question 11

As part of her graduate research Lydia conducted a study on how college students respond to hypothetical moral dilemmas. She read the dilemmas aloud to the participants and then asked a series of questions. When a participant responded in a manner that supported her hypothesis, Lydia nodded slightly in agreement. Lydia's behavior illustrates the concept of:

Accepted Answer

A) demand characteristics. 
B) testing effects. 
C) the placebo effect. 
D) practice effect. 
A) demand characteristics. 
B) testing effects. 
C) the placebo effect. 
D) practice effect.

Question 12

The early school of psychology called behaviorism:

Accepted Answer

A) grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. 
B) was the first of the early schools to disappear. 
C) was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s. 
D) was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (AP
A)  and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). 
A) grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. 
B) was the first of the early schools to disappear. 
C) was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s. 
D) was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (AP
A)  and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

Question 13

Researchers at State University wanted to test the hypothesis that distributed, or spaced, practice results in better retention of material than massed practice or cramming. To find out if there is a cause-and-effect relationship, the researcher should use:

Accepted Answer

A) correlational research. 
B) experimental research. 
C) naturalistic observation. 
D) surveys or questionnaires. 
A) correlational research. 
B) experimental research. 
C) naturalistic observation. 
D) surveys or questionnaires.

Question 14

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective:

Accepted Answer

A) believe that psychological processes that help individuals adapt to their environment also help them survive, reproduce, and pass those abilities on to future generations. 
B) study how behavior develops over the lifespan. 
C) study how different languages evolved. 
D) search for the tools, artifacts, and drawings of our earliest ancestors. 
A) believe that psychological processes that help individuals adapt to their environment also help them survive, reproduce, and pass those abilities on to future generations. 
B) study how behavior develops over the lifespan. 
C) study how different languages evolved. 
D) search for the tools, artifacts, and drawings of our earliest ancestors.

Question 15

An irrefutable or nonfalsifiable claim:

Accepted Answer

A) is supported by empirical evidence. 
B) cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way. 
C) results directly from applying critical thinking to pseudoscientific claims. 
D) is a testable prediction or question. 
A) is supported by empirical evidence. 
B) cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way. 
C) results directly from applying critical thinking to pseudoscientific claims. 
D) is a testable prediction or question.

Question 16

Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of:

Accepted Answer

A) objective observation, measurement, and experimentation. 
B) intuition, logic, and critical thinking. 
C) experience, philosophy, and opinion. 
D) experience, logic, and statistics. 
A) objective observation, measurement, and experimentation. 
B) intuition, logic, and critical thinking. 
C) experience, philosophy, and opinion. 
D) experience, logic, and statistics.

Question 17

An operational definition is:

Accepted Answer

A) a research design in which the participants act or operate as their own control group. 
B) a precise description of how each variable in a particular study will be manipulated or measured. 
C) one that has been approved by the American Psychological Association. 
D) a statistical method used in psychological research to correct for bias that may be operating in the experimental situation. 
A) a research design in which the participants act or operate as their own control group. 
B) a precise description of how each variable in a particular study will be manipulated or measured. 
C) one that has been approved by the American Psychological Association. 
D) a statistical method used in psychological research to correct for bias that may be operating in the experimental situation.

Question 18

How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

Accepted Answer

A) In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior. 
B) Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy. 
C) Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes. 
D) Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline. 
A) In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior. 
B) Physiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy. 
C) Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes. 
D) Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline.

Question 19

O'Connor was interested in whether men and women differ in sexual attitudes. She found that more than 170 studies had already been published on this issue. Using _____, she combined the results of these studies and analyzed the data for overall trends.

Accepted Answer

A) meta-analysis 
B) naturalistic observation 
C) pseudoscientific analysis 
D) a natural experiment 
A) meta-analysis 
B) naturalistic observation 
C) pseudoscientific analysis 
D) a natural experiment

Question 20

For centuries philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of an individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual.

Accepted Answer

A) nature; nurture 
B) nurture; naturalize 
C) dualism; condition 
D) monism; condition 
A) nature; nurture 
B) nurture; naturalize 
C) dualism; condition 
D) monism; condition

Exam 1: Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Which of the following four steps are used when determining the validity of a scientific claim?

In order to test the hypothesis that premarital education enhances marital quality, Dr. Stanley should first:

The word pseudo means:

Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?

Clinical psychologists:

All psychologists who do research:

A study on parental use of corporal punishment found a relationship between parental socioeconomic status and use of corporal punishment. Put simply, as socioeconomic status declines, the rate of parents' use of corporal punishment rises. This finding represents a:

Who would have been MOST likely to say: "You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness"?

The early school of psychology called behaviorism:

Researchers at State University wanted to test the hypothesis that distributed, or spaced, practice results in better retention of material than massed practice or cramming. To find out if there is a cause-and-effect relationship, the researcher should use:

Psychologists who take the evolutionary perspective:

An irrefutable or nonfalsifiable claim:

Empirical evidence refers to evidence that is the result of:

An operational definition is:

How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?

O'Connor was interested in whether men and women differ in sexual attitudes. She found that more than 170 studies had already been published on this issue. Using _____, she combined the results of these studies and analyzed the data for overall trends.

For centuries philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of an individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual.

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 2: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 1: Psychological Disorders

Section 2: Psychological Disorders

Section 3: Psychological Disorders

For centuries philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _ of an individual or the environmental influences that _ the individual.