Question 1

Descriptive research studies:

Accepted Answer

A) typically answer the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior. 
B) are no longer used in contemporary psychology. 
C) have been replaced by sophisticated brain imaging techniques. 
D) provide the most compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships. 
A) typically answer the "who, what, where, when, and how often" questions about behavior. 
B) are no longer used in contemporary psychology. 
C) have been replaced by sophisticated brain imaging techniques. 
D) provide the most compelling evidence of cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 2

After many media reports of aggressive behavior by parents and other adult spectators in the stands at Canadian youth hockey games, psychologists systematically recorded the comments of adult spectators at youth hockey games in a large Canadian city. They found that almost two-thirds of the comments were directed at the players rather than the referees, and that most comments were positive and encouraging rather than negative or critical. The psychologists used a descriptive research method called:

Accepted Answer

A) a case study. 
B) naturalistic observation. 
C) survey research. 
D) the representative sample. 
A) a case study. 
B) naturalistic observation. 
C) survey research. 
D) the representative sample.

Question 3

Professor Hebb is studying whether learning is affected by different environments. He raises some rats in cages with many interesting objects to play on and explore. Other rats are raised in isolated, barren cages with none of the interesting objects. Later, Hebb carefully records how many attempts it takes each rat to learn to run a maze with no mistakes. What is the independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

A) how many attempts it takes each rat to learn to run a maze 
B) being raised in an interesting or a barren environment 
C) cost of the conducting the experiment 
D) number of rats in the study 
A) how many attempts it takes each rat to learn to run a maze 
B) being raised in an interesting or a barren environment 
C) cost of the conducting the experiment 
D) number of rats in the study

Question 4

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

Accepted Answer

A) the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think. 
B) how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences. 
C) the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries. 
D) the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential. 
A) the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think. 
B) how overt behavior is acquired and modified by environmental influences. 
C) the diversity of human behavior in different cultural settings and countries. 
D) the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships on a person's self-concept, and the importance of choice and self-direction in striving to reach one's potential.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

Accepted Answer

A) Formulate a specific question that can be tested. 
B) Design the study and collect data. 
C) Analyze the data and draw conclusions. 
D) Apply the findings to solve human problems. 
A) Formulate a specific question that can be tested. 
B) Design the study and collect data. 
C) Analyze the data and draw conclusions. 
D) Apply the findings to solve human problems.

Question 6

"What are the most basic units or structures of conscious thought?" This is a question that would MOST likely be of interest to a follower of:

Accepted Answer

A) humanism. 
B) behaviorism. 
C) functionalism. 
D) structuralism. 
A) humanism. 
B) behaviorism. 
C) functionalism. 
D) structuralism.

Question 7

Kerrick has developed a training program for young children that will help them learn to read at a quicker pace and with greater comprehension. What kind of psychologist is Dr. Kerrick?

Accepted Answer

A) educational 
B) personality 
C) industrial/organizational 
D) clinical 
A) educational 
B) personality 
C) industrial/organizational 
D) clinical

Question 8

The early psychological school of thought called structuralism emphasized the study of:

Accepted Answer

A) habits and adaptive behavior. 
B) physiology. 
C) the relative importance of nature versus nurture. 
D) the elemental component parts of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience. 
A) habits and adaptive behavior. 
B) physiology. 
C) the relative importance of nature versus nurture. 
D) the elemental component parts of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience.

Question 9

A natural experiment is a study that:

Accepted Answer

A) investigates the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants. 
B) involves the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting. 
C) uses a questionnaire or interview to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group. 
D) involves the intensive, in-depth investigation of a single individual or small group of individuals. 
A) investigates the effects of a naturally occurring event on the research participants. 
B) involves the systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting. 
C) uses a questionnaire or interview to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group. 
D) involves the intensive, in-depth investigation of a single individual or small group of individuals.

Question 10

Researchers were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on the perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex. One group of participants was given four drinks containing alcohol, and another group was given four drinks that did not contain alcohol, but both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks tasted identical. Next, both groups of participants rated the attractiveness of members of the opposite sex by viewing pictures and rating attractiveness on a 1-to-10 scale. Which of the following is the independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

A) alcohol consumption 
B) ratings on the attractiveness scale 
C) the taste of the drinks 
D) perceived attractiveness 
A) alcohol consumption 
B) ratings on the attractiveness scale 
C) the taste of the drinks 
D) perceived attractiveness

Question 11

Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:

Accepted Answer

A) studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University. 
B) were students of G. Stanley Hall. 
C) were elected president of the American Psychological Association. 
D) were students of Francis C. Sumner. 
A) studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University. 
B) were students of G. Stanley Hall. 
C) were elected president of the American Psychological Association. 
D) were students of Francis C. Sumner.

Question 12

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of major depressive disorder are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

A) change in the symptoms of major depressive disorder 
B) method used to recruit participants for the study 
C) form of psychotherapy used to treat major depressive disorder 
D) cost of the study 
A) change in the symptoms of major depressive disorder 
B) method used to recruit participants for the study 
C) form of psychotherapy used to treat major depressive disorder 
D) cost of the study

Question 13

A placebo effect is:

Accepted Answer

A) a change in a subject's behavior that is produced by the subject's beliefs and expectations rather than the actual drug, treatment, or procedure. 
B) a researcher's confidence in his or her findings. 
C) the instructions that are given to the research participants before an experiment begins. 
D) the results that a researcher expects to discover. 
A) a change in a subject's behavior that is produced by the subject's beliefs and expectations rather than the actual drug, treatment, or procedure. 
B) a researcher's confidence in his or her findings. 
C) the instructions that are given to the research participants before an experiment begins. 
D) the results that a researcher expects to discover.

Question 14

It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook Principles of Psychology?

Accepted Answer

A) John B. Watson 
B) Margaret Floy Washburn 
C) B. F. Skinner 
D) William James 
A) John B. Watson 
B) Margaret Floy Washburn 
C) B. F. Skinner 
D) William James

Question 15

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in psychology at Harvard University?

Accepted Answer

A) Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time. 
B) At the time Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research. 
C) William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student. 
D) She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. 
A) Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time. 
B) At the time Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research. 
C) William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact that she was his most brilliant student. 
D) She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution.

Question 16

Case studies:

Accepted Answer

A) are commonly used by clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client. 
B) were popular when psychology was first founded but are almost never used today. 
C) are not considered to be a legitimate form of scientific evidence. 
D) are the main scientific tool used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship. 
A) are commonly used by clinical psychologists and other mental health professionals to develop a complete profile of a psychotherapy client. 
B) were popular when psychology was first founded but are almost never used today. 
C) are not considered to be a legitimate form of scientific evidence. 
D) are the main scientific tool used to establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 17

May, who follows the _____ perspective, conceptualizes human thinking, memory, and perception in terms of an information-processing model.

Accepted Answer

A) positive psychology 
B) behavioral 
C) biological 
D) cognitive 
A) positive psychology 
B) behavioral 
C) biological 
D) cognitive

Question 18

The Snape Oil Supplement Company uses sincere and compelling testimonials and personal anecdotes to promote its products on TV infomercials. These testimonials:

Accepted Answer

A) are acceptable scientific evidence. 
B) should be believed because they appear to be genuine and the products really did help these people as they claim. 
C) lack the basic controls used in research and are not acceptable scientific evidence. 
D) are a type of descriptive research method called naturalistic observation. 
A) are acceptable scientific evidence. 
B) should be believed because they appear to be genuine and the products really did help these people as they claim. 
C) lack the basic controls used in research and are not acceptable scientific evidence. 
D) are a type of descriptive research method called naturalistic observation.

Question 19

A correlation coefficient is a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors. 
B) independent variable that is used in a correlational study. 
C) numerical indicator of the statistical insignificance of the findings in a particular research study. 
D) index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings. 
A) numerical indicator of the strength and direction of a relationship between two factors. 
B) independent variable that is used in a correlational study. 
C) numerical indicator of the statistical insignificance of the findings in a particular research study. 
D) index of the practical rather than the statistical significance of research findings.

Question 20

Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food?

Accepted Answer

A) American psychologist Margaret Washburn 
B) Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov 
C) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud 
D) American psychologist B. F. Skinner 
A) American psychologist Margaret Washburn 
B) Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov 
C) Austrian physician Sigmund Freud 
D) American psychologist B. F. Skinner

Exam 1: Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Descriptive research studies:

The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on:

Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific method?

"What are the most basic units or structures of conscious thought?" This is a question that would MOST likely be of interest to a follower of:

Kerrick has developed a training program for young children that will help them learn to read at a quicker pace and with greater comprehension. What kind of psychologist is Dr. Kerrick?

The early psychological school of thought called structuralism emphasized the study of:

A natural experiment is a study that:

Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:

Researchers at the Allied Mental Health Center are conducting a study to determine how quickly symptoms of major depressive disorder are reduced by different forms of psychotherapy. What is the independent variable in this study?

A placebo effect is:

It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook Principles of Psychology?

Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in psychology at Harvard University?

Case studies:

May, who follows the _____ perspective, conceptualizes human thinking, memory, and perception in terms of an information-processing model.

The Snape Oil Supplement Company uses sincere and compelling testimonials and personal anecdotes to promote its products on TV infomercials. These testimonials:

A correlation coefficient is a(n):

Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food?

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 2: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 1: Psychological Disorders

Section 2: Psychological Disorders

Section 3: Psychological Disorders