Question 1

What is social loafing?

Accepted Answer

A) the tendency to reduce normal grooming behavior, which is often seen among captive animals, especially primates 
B) a scientist's tendency to reduce productive behavior after receiving an award or recognition 
C) the term used to refer to the typical group behavior of college students during spring break 
D) the tendency for people from individualistic cultures to exert more effort on a task when working alone than when working as part of a group 
A) the tendency to reduce normal grooming behavior, which is often seen among captive animals, especially primates 
B) a scientist's tendency to reduce productive behavior after receiving an award or recognition 
C) the term used to refer to the typical group behavior of college students during spring break 
D) the tendency for people from individualistic cultures to exert more effort on a task when working alone than when working as part of a group

Question 2

Nelson studies the psychological factors that seem to be associated with the development of heart disease. Dr. Nelson specializes in ______ psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) educational 
B) industrial/organizational 
C) health 
D) developmental 
A) educational 
B) industrial/organizational 
C) health 
D) developmental

Question 3

Psychologist Harry Triandis said, "All cultures are simultaneously very similar and very different." What does Triandis mean by this statement?

Accepted Answer

A) Cultures cannot be meaningfully studied or compared because individuals are so different. 
B) People in different cultures share many fundamental human attributes and motives, yet people in each culture express these qualities and motives in different ways. 
C) Ethnocentrism is more prevalent in some cultures than in others. 
D) Collectivistic cultures cannot be understood by members of individualistic cultures. 
A) Cultures cannot be meaningfully studied or compared because individuals are so different. 
B) People in different cultures share many fundamental human attributes and motives, yet people in each culture express these qualities and motives in different ways. 
C) Ethnocentrism is more prevalent in some cultures than in others. 
D) Collectivistic cultures cannot be understood by members of individualistic cultures.

Question 4

Smith has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with aging. Dr. Smith is MOST likely to identify with the _____ perspective of psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) biological 
B) psychodynamic 
C) behavioral 
D) humanistic 
A) biological 
B) psychodynamic 
C) behavioral 
D) humanistic

Question 5

Which of the follow statements was NOT discussed in the Chapter 1 "Focus on Neuroscience" feature as a potential limitation of brain imaging studies?

Accepted Answer

A) Because the participants in the brain-imaging studies usually have some type of brain damage, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the functioning of the healthy, intact human brain. 
B) Because brain-imaging research tends to involve small groups of participants, caution must be exercised in generalizing results to a wider population. 
C) If a psychological process is complex, it is much less likely that brain imaging will identify a specific brain region uniquely associated with that psychological process. 
D) Knowing that a particular psychological process activates a particular brain area does not necessarily further the explanation or understanding of the psychological process. 
A) Because the participants in the brain-imaging studies usually have some type of brain damage, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the functioning of the healthy, intact human brain. 
B) Because brain-imaging research tends to involve small groups of participants, caution must be exercised in generalizing results to a wider population. 
C) If a psychological process is complex, it is much less likely that brain imaging will identify a specific brain region uniquely associated with that psychological process. 
D) Knowing that a particular psychological process activates a particular brain area does not necessarily further the explanation or understanding of the psychological process.

Question 6

Deception in psychology experiments:

Accepted Answer

A) has not been allowed since the 1960s when participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience study were not told beforehand that they would have to use electric shock to punish the "learner" every time the "learner" made a mistake. 
B) is allowed when it is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception, and when the potential findings justify its use because of the scientific, educational, or applied value. 
C) is expressly forbidden by the provisions in the 2002 APA ethical guidelines and regulations. 
D) is allowed under the 2002 APA ethical guidelines without any restrictions or conditions. 
A) has not been allowed since the 1960s when participants in Stanley Milgram's obedience study were not told beforehand that they would have to use electric shock to punish the "learner" every time the "learner" made a mistake. 
B) is allowed when it is not feasible to use alternatives that do not involve deception, and when the potential findings justify its use because of the scientific, educational, or applied value. 
C) is expressly forbidden by the provisions in the 2002 APA ethical guidelines and regulations. 
D) is allowed under the 2002 APA ethical guidelines without any restrictions or conditions.

Question 7

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A) cognitive 
B) positive psychology 
C) humanistic 
D) psychodynamic 
A) cognitive 
B) positive psychology 
C) humanistic 
D) psychodynamic

Question 8

According to your textbook, which specialty area is the MOST popular choice for psychologists who have recently received their doctorates?

Accepted Answer

A) counseling psychology 
B) educational psychology 
C) cognitive psychology 
D) clinical psychology 
A) counseling psychology 
B) educational psychology 
C) cognitive psychology 
D) clinical psychology

Question 9

Dalpiez uses research findings to educate his undergraduate students about diverse areas of psychology, including sports psychology, media psychology, forensic psychology, and rehabilitation psychology. Dr. Dalpiez teaches _____ psychology.

Accepted Answer

A) clinical 
B) counseling 
C) social 
D) applied 
A) clinical 
B) counseling 
C) social 
D) applied

Question 10

Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association. 
B) He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. 
C) He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American. 
D) He chaired a psychology department at Howard University and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. 
A) He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association. 
B) He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. 
C) He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American. 
D) He chaired a psychology department at Howard University and was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States.

Question 11

The basic goal of the experimental method is to:

Accepted Answer

A) demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable. 
B) describe and predict naturally occurring phenomena. 
C) investigate a single subject in depth. 
D) discover new operational definitions. 
A) demonstrate that one variable causes change in a second variable. 
B) describe and predict naturally occurring phenomena. 
C) investigate a single subject in depth. 
D) discover new operational definitions.

Question 12

Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction?

Accepted Answer

A) Carl Rogers 
B) B. F. Skinner 
C) Sigmund Freud 
D) John B. Watson 
A) Carl Rogers 
B) B. F. Skinner 
C) Sigmund Freud 
D) John B. Watson

Question 13

Researchers were interested in the effects of alcohol consumption on the perceived attractiveness of members of the opposite sex. One group of participants was given four drinks containing alcohol, another group was given four drinks that did not contain alcohol, but both the alcoholic and nonalcoholic drinks tasted identical. A final group was given no drinks at all. Next, all three groups of participants rated the attractiveness of members of the opposite sex by viewing pictures and rating attractiveness on a 1-to-10 scale. Which group was the placebo group?

Accepted Answer

A) group that did not receive any drinks 
B) group that received four alcoholic drinks 
C) group that received four nonalcoholic drinks 
D) There was no placebo control group 
A) group that did not receive any drinks 
B) group that received four alcoholic drinks 
C) group that received four nonalcoholic drinks 
D) There was no placebo control group

Question 14

French philosopher René Descartes:

Accepted Answer

A) strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science. 
B) promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism. 
C) was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology. 
D) was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago. 
A) strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science. 
B) promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism. 
C) was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology. 
D) was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago.

Question 15

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

Accepted Answer

A) mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 
B) children with special needs, such as children with autism or those suffering from learning disabilities. 
C) how people are affected by their social environments. 
D) the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders. 
A) mental processes, including reasoning and thinking, problem solving, memory, perception, mental imagery, and language. 
B) children with special needs, such as children with autism or those suffering from learning disabilities. 
C) how people are affected by their social environments. 
D) the causes, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of psychological disorders.

Question 16

The evolutionary perspective in psychology:

Accepted Answer

A) suggests that human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction. 
B) analyzes behavior in terms of its adaptive function, such as how it increases a species' chances to survive and reproduce. 
C) is now regarded as nothing more than pseudoscience. 
D) states that, to fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures. 
A) suggests that human behavior is best understood in terms of the individual capacity for growth, free will, and self-direction. 
B) analyzes behavior in terms of its adaptive function, such as how it increases a species' chances to survive and reproduce. 
C) is now regarded as nothing more than pseudoscience. 
D) states that, to fully understand human behavior, you must understand how behavior varies among different cultures.

Question 17

Kiecolt-Glaser is a health psychologist studying whether stress impairs the body's ability to heal. In the highly stressful week before final exams, dental students are given an oral punch biopsy-a small sample of gum tissue is removed. The number of days for the oral wound to completely heal is recorded. The same dental students receive a second oral punch biopsy during summer vacation. Once again, the number of days until the oral wound completely healed was recorded. What is the independent variable in this study?

Accepted Answer

A) number of days for the oral wound to heal 
B) whether the oral wound was created during a high stress or low stress period 
C) whether the dental students were working or relaxing during the summer vacation 
D) average number of hours of sleep the students experienced in the day immediately following the gum wound 
A) number of days for the oral wound to heal 
B) whether the oral wound was created during a high stress or low stress period 
C) whether the dental students were working or relaxing during the summer vacation 
D) average number of hours of sleep the students experienced in the day immediately following the gum wound

Question 18

Structuralism:

Accepted Answer

A) promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions. 
B) ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one. 
C) was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic elemental structures of sensations and feelings. 
D) contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation. 
A) promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions. 
B) ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one. 
C) was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic elemental structures of sensations and feelings. 
D) contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation.

Question 19

Professor Lyon decided to study food preferences of U.S. college students, so he asked his students to volunteer to participate in a lengthy survey. Based on the information given, Professor Lyon's survey results are probably invalid because:

Accepted Answer

A) he did not use an operational definition. 
B) the sample selected is not representative of the larger group. 
C) the selected hypothesis cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way. 
D) he did not use independent and dependent variables. 
A) he did not use an operational definition. 
B) the sample selected is not representative of the larger group. 
C) the selected hypothesis cannot be disproved or tested in any meaningful way. 
D) he did not use independent and dependent variables.

Question 20

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

Accepted Answer

A) the role of unconscious factors in behavior. 
B) overt behavior and principles of learning. 
C) the role of conscious thoughts in psychological growth 
D) the perception of whole figures. 
A) the role of unconscious factors in behavior. 
B) overt behavior and principles of learning. 
C) the role of conscious thoughts in psychological growth 
D) the perception of whole figures.

Exam 1: Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

What is social loafing?

Nelson studies the psychological factors that seem to be associated with the development of heart disease. Dr. Nelson specializes in ______ psychology.

Psychologist Harry Triandis said, "All cultures are simultaneously very similar and very different." What does Triandis mean by this statement?

Smith has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with aging. Dr. Smith is MOST likely to identify with the _____ perspective of psychology.

Which of the follow statements was NOT discussed in the Chapter 1 "Focus on Neuroscience" feature as a potential limitation of brain imaging studies?

Deception in psychology experiments:

The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.

According to your textbook, which specialty area is the MOST popular choice for psychologists who have recently received their doctorates?

Dalpiez uses research findings to educate his undergraduate students about diverse areas of psychology, including sports psychology, media psychology, forensic psychology, and rehabilitation psychology. Dr. Dalpiez teaches _____ psychology.

Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?

The basic goal of the experimental method is to:

Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self-direction?

French philosopher René Descartes:

Cognitive psychology focuses on the study of:

The evolutionary perspective in psychology:

Structuralism:

Professor Lyon decided to study food preferences of U.S. college students, so he asked his students to volunteer to participate in a lengthy survey. Based on the information given, Professor Lyon's survey results are probably invalid because:

Psychoanalysis emphasized:

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 2: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 2: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 1: Psychological Disorders

Section 2: Psychological Disorders