Question 1

A tumor that decreases the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) would lead to a decrease in plasma levels of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  glucocorticoid hormones 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  corticotropin-releasing hormone 
D)  testosterone 
E)  acetylcholine 
A)  glucocorticoid hormones 
B)  epinephrine 
C)  corticotropin-releasing hormone 
D)  testosterone 
E)  acetylcholine A

Question 2

For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions, ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion 
B)  the circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops 
C)  both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors 
D)  endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream via specialized ducts 
E)  it is impossible to also have neural regulation of that system 
A)  negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion 
B)  the circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops 
C)  both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors 
D)  endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream via specialized ducts 
E)  it is impossible to also have neural regulation of that system A

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of hormones?

Accepted Answer

A)  peptides and polypeptides 
B)  complex carbohydrates 
C)  steroids 
D)  amino acid derivatives 
A)  peptides and polypeptides 
B)  complex carbohydrates 
C)  steroids 
D)  amino acid derivatives B

Question 4

The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ecdysone 
B)  glucagon 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  oxytocin 
E)  growth hormone 
A)  ecdysone 
B)  glucagon 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  oxytocin 
E)  growth hormone

Question 5

Glucocorticoids do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  promote the immune response 
B)  promote the release of fatty acids 
C)  increase blood glucose levels 
D)  increase insulin production 
A)  promote the immune response 
B)  promote the release of fatty acids 
C)  increase blood glucose levels 
D)  increase insulin production

Question 6

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hypothalamus 
B)  adenohypophysis 
C)  anterior pituitary 
D)  adrenal cortex 
E)  posterior pituitary 
A)  hypothalamus 
B)  adenohypophysis 
C)  anterior pituitary 
D)  adrenal cortex 
E)  posterior pituitary

Question 7

Chemical signals that act on the same cells that secrete them are called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hormones 
B)  autocrine signals 
C)  neurohormones 
D)  neurotransmitters 
E)  paracrine signals 
A)  hormones 
B)  autocrine signals 
C)  neurohormones 
D)  neurotransmitters 
E)  paracrine signals

Question 8

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  insulin 
B)  glucagon 
C)  secretin 
D)  gastrin 
E)  glucose 
A)  insulin 
B)  glucagon 
C)  secretin 
D)  gastrin 
E)  glucose

Question 9

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration 
C)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
D)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine 
E)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration 
A)  parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate 
B)  thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration 
C)  anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function 
D)  adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine 
E)  pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration

Question 10

The signal cascade activated by epinephrine leads to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the amplification of the epinephrine signal, increasing the release of glucose 
B)  the reduction in metabolic rate through down-regulation of thyroid activity 
C)  the amplification of the epinephrine signal, increasing the release of calcium from bone 
D)  the cessation of fight-or-flight response by activating the parasympathetic response 
A)  the amplification of the epinephrine signal, increasing the release of glucose 
B)  the reduction in metabolic rate through down-regulation of thyroid activity 
C)  the amplification of the epinephrine signal, increasing the release of calcium from bone 
D)  the cessation of fight-or-flight response by activating the parasympathetic response

Question 11

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cerebrum 
B)  cerebellum 
C)  thalamus 
D)  hypothalamus 
E)  medulla oblongata 
A)  cerebrum 
B)  cerebellum 
C)  thalamus 
D)  hypothalamus 
E)  medulla oblongata

Question 12

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

Accepted Answer

A)  parathyroid glands 
B)  salivary glands 
C)  sweat glands 
D)  sebaceous glands 
E)  gallbladder 
A)  parathyroid glands 
B)  salivary glands 
C)  sweat glands 
D)  sebaceous glands 
E)  gallbladder

Question 13

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  growth hormone and pancreas, respectively 
B)  erythropoietin and kidney, respectively 
C)  cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively 
D)  epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively 
E)  acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively 
A)  growth hormone and pancreas, respectively 
B)  erythropoietin and kidney, respectively 
C)  cortisol and adrenal gland, respectively 
D)  epinephrine and adrenal gland, respectively 
E)  acetylcholine and bone marrow, respectively

Question 14

In human embryonic development, which of the following pairs of hormones are released by the developing testes and result in development of the male reproductive tract and inhibition of the female reproductive tract?

Accepted Answer

A)  testosterone and estrogen 
B)  estrogen and progesterone 
C)  testosterone and Müllerian inhibitory substance 
D)  estradiol and estrogen 
E)  testosterone and estradiol 
A)  testosterone and estrogen 
B)  estrogen and progesterone 
C)  testosterone and Müllerian inhibitory substance 
D)  estradiol and estrogen 
E)  testosterone and estradiol

Question 15

What property of steroid hormones allows them to cross the phospholipid bilayer?

Accepted Answer

A)  Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and easily cross the phospholipid bilayer. 
B)  Steroid hormones can act in very small concentrations and very few molecules of steroids need to cross the lipid bilayer. 
C)  Steroid hormones act on cells close to where they were produced and very few molecules are required to travel such a short distance to cross the lipid bilayer. 
D)  Steroid hormones act on the same cells in which they are produced and, therefore, are within the cell they are acting upon. 
A)  Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and easily cross the phospholipid bilayer. 
B)  Steroid hormones can act in very small concentrations and very few molecules of steroids need to cross the lipid bilayer. 
C)  Steroid hormones act on cells close to where they were produced and very few molecules are required to travel such a short distance to cross the lipid bilayer. 
D)  Steroid hormones act on the same cells in which they are produced and, therefore, are within the cell they are acting upon.

Question 16

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of ________.
I. an autocrine signal
II. a paracrine signal
III. an endocrine signal

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 17

The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  ecdysone 
B)  glucagon 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  oxytocin 
E)  growth hormone 
A)  ecdysone 
B)  glucagon 
C)  thyroxine 
D)  oxytocin 
E)  growth hormone

Question 18

Tadpoles must undergo a major metamorphosis to become frogs. This change includes reabsorption of the tail, growth of limbs, calcification of the skeleton, increase in rhodopsin in the eye, development of lungs, change in hemoglobin structure, and reformation of the gut from the long gut of an herbivore to the short gut of a carnivore. Amazingly, all of these changes are induced by triiodothyronine. What is the most likely explanation for such a wide array of effects of thyroxine?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are many different forms of triiodothyronine, each specific to a different tissue. 
B)  Different tissues have triiodothyronine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways. 
C)  Some tissues have membrane receptors for triiodothyronine, while other tissues have triiodothyronine receptors within the nucleus. 
D)  Different releasing hormones release triiodothyronine to different tissues. 
A)  There are many different forms of triiodothyronine, each specific to a different tissue. 
B)  Different tissues have triiodothyronine receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways. 
C)  Some tissues have membrane receptors for triiodothyronine, while other tissues have triiodothyronine receptors within the nucleus. 
D)  Different releasing hormones release triiodothyronine to different tissues.

Question 19

When adenylyl cyclase is activated ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cAMP is synthesized 
B)  cAMP is degraded 
C)  G proteins bind to cAMP 
D)  steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer 
A)  cAMP is synthesized 
B)  cAMP is degraded 
C)  G proteins bind to cAMP 
D)  steroid hormones pass through the lipid bilayer

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the neuroendocrine-to-endocrine pathway of hormone action?

Accepted Answer

A)  A structure within the nervous system produces and release a hormone that regulate the activity of an endocrine gland. 
B)  A structure within the nervous system produces a hormone and releases it directly onto an endocrine gland. 
C)  A gland releases hormones directly into a neural structure, thus regulating neural functions. 
D)  A gland exhibits negative feedback on the nervous system by releasing hormones into neural tissue both directly and indirectly through the circulation. 
A)  A structure within the nervous system produces and release a hormone that regulate the activity of an endocrine gland. 
B)  A structure within the nervous system produces a hormone and releases it directly onto an endocrine gland. 
C)  A gland releases hormones directly into a neural structure, thus regulating neural functions. 
D)  A gland exhibits negative feedback on the nervous system by releasing hormones into neural tissue both directly and indirectly through the circulation.

Exam 46: Chemical Signals in Animals

A tumor that decreases the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) would lead to a decrease in plasma levels of ________.

For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions, ________.

Which of the following is NOT a chemical class of hormones?

The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of ________.

Glucocorticoids do which of the following?

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are synthesized in the ________.

Chemical signals that act on the same cells that secrete them are called ________.

Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of ________.

Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of the ________.

The signal cascade activated by epinephrine leads to ________.

Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland are made in the ________.

Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells and the organ where this hormone is synthesized are ________.

In human embryonic development, which of the following pairs of hormones are released by the developing testes and result in development of the male reproductive tract and inhibition of the female reproductive tract?

What property of steroid hormones allows them to cross the phospholipid bilayer?

Testosterone is an example of a chemical signal that affects the very cells that synthesize it, the neighboring cells in the testis, along with distant cells outside the gonads. Thus, testosterone is an example of ________. I. an autocrine signal II. a paracrine signal III. an endocrine signal

The steroid hormone that coordinates molting in arthropods is ________.

When adenylyl cyclase is activated ________.

Which of the following best describes the neuroendocrine-to-endocrine pathway of hormone action?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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