Question 1

What is the best description of the hygiene hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  A high level of hygiene prevents autoimmune disorders. 
B)  A high level of hygiene prevents allergic reactions. 
C)  Hygienic practices that prevent intestinal worms lead to dysfunction of the immune system. 
D)  Poor hygiene leads to autoimmune disorders. 
A)  A high level of hygiene prevents autoimmune disorders. 
B)  A high level of hygiene prevents allergic reactions. 
C)  Hygienic practices that prevent intestinal worms lead to dysfunction of the immune system. 
D)  Poor hygiene leads to autoimmune disorders. C

Question 2

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory cells 
B)  macrophages 
C)  stem cells 
D)  B cells 
E)  T cells 
A)  memory cells 
B)  macrophages 
C)  stem cells 
D)  B cells 
E)  T cells A

Question 3

T cells of the immune system include ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells 
A)  CD4, CD8, and plasma cells 
B)  cytotoxic and helper cells 
C)  plasma, antigen-presenting, and memory cells 
D)  lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells 
E)  class I MHC, class II MHC, and memory cells B

Question 4

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the antibody having at least two binding regions 
B)  disulfide bridges between the antigens 
C)  a complement protein that makes the affected cells sticky 
D)  bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules 
E)  denaturation of the antibodies 
A)  the antibody having at least two binding regions 
B)  disulfide bridges between the antigens 
C)  a complement protein that makes the affected cells sticky 
D)  bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules 
E)  denaturation of the antibodies

Question 5

Which of the following is TRUE of the humoral immune response and NOT true of the cell-mediated immune response? Only the humoral immune response ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  involves T cells at some level 
B)  requires CD8+ cells for activation 
C)  involves destroying entire cells and not just the pathogen 
D)  uses antibodies as its main weapon 
A)  involves T cells at some level 
B)  requires CD8+ cells for activation 
C)  involves destroying entire cells and not just the pathogen 
D)  uses antibodies as its main weapon

Question 6

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lysozyme production 
B)  phagocytosis by neutrophils 
C)  antibody production by plasma cells 
D)  histamine release by basophils 
E)  mast cell activation 
A)  lysozyme production 
B)  phagocytosis by neutrophils 
C)  antibody production by plasma cells 
D)  histamine release by basophils 
E)  mast cell activation

Question 7

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years. One day, it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it, subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body. Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cell 
B)  thyroid cell 
C)  memory cell 
D)  macrophage 
A)  plasma cell 
B)  thyroid cell 
C)  memory cell 
D)  macrophage

Question 8

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly 
B)  a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
C)  a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself 
D)  a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen 
A)  a condition in which B cells and T cells respond independently to antigens and do not interact correctly 
B)  a condition in which the adaptive immune system fails to recognize the second infection by the same antigen 
C)  a condition in which self molecules are treated as nonself 
D)  a condition in which the immune system creates random antibodies without being triggered by an antigen

Question 9

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  memory cells 
B)  presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C)  somatic hypermutation 
D)  phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response) 
A)  memory cells 
B)  presentation of MHC (major histocompatibility complex)-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C)  somatic hypermutation 
D)  phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response)

Question 10

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells; this categorizes lupus as ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an allergy 
B)  an immunodeficiency 
C)  an autoimmune disease 
D)  an antigenic variation 
E)  a cancer 
A)  an allergy 
B)  an immunodeficiency 
C)  an autoimmune disease 
D)  an antigenic variation 
E)  a cancer

Question 11

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  alternative splicing of exons after transcription 
B)  increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules 
C)  genetic DNA recombination 
D)  rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells 
E)  crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody molecule during meiosis I 
A)  alternative splicing of exons after transcription 
B)  increased rate of mutation in the RNA molecules 
C)  genetic DNA recombination 
D)  rearrangements of cytosolic proteins in the thymus cells 
E)  crossing over between the light and heavy chains of each antibody molecule during meiosis I

Question 12

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells 
B)  V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged 
C)  an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies 
D)  HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system 
E)  macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells 
A)  a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells 
B)  V, J, and C gene segments are rearranged 
C)  an antigen can provoke production of high levels of specific antibodies 
D)  HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can disrupt the immune system 
E)  macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells

Question 13

What type of immunoglobulin is the most associated with breast feeding?

Accepted Answer

A)  IgG 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgA 
D)  IgM 
E)  IgE 
A)  IgG 
B)  IgD 
C)  IgA 
D)  IgM 
E)  IgE

Question 14

A key part of the humoral immune response is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the cytotoxic T-cell attack of infected host cells 
B)  the production of antibodies by plasma cells 
C)  perforation of infected host cells by perforin 
D)  phagocytosis of pathogens 
E)  the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells 
A)  the cytotoxic T-cell attack of infected host cells 
B)  the production of antibodies by plasma cells 
C)  perforation of infected host cells by perforin 
D)  phagocytosis of pathogens 
E)  the initiation of programmed cell death in infected host cells

Question 15

An immunoglobulin molecule has a light chain made up of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  one C region, one J region, and two V regions 
B)  one C region, two J regions, and one V region 
C)  one D region, one J region, and one V region 
D)  one C region, one J region, and one V region 
E)  one C region, one D region, and one J region 
A)  one C region, one J region, and two V regions 
B)  one C region, two J regions, and one V region 
C)  one D region, one J region, and one V region 
D)  one C region, one J region, and one V region 
E)  one C region, one D region, and one J region

Question 16

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells primarily involves ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cytotoxic T cells 
B)  inflammation 
C)  phagocytosis 
D)  macrophages 
E)  B cells 
A)  cytotoxic T cells 
B)  inflammation 
C)  phagocytosis 
D)  macrophages 
E)  B cells

Question 17

B-cell receptors bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading or foreign cells. T-cell receptors ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  are active only in lymph nodes 
B)  bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading or foreign cells 
C)  bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma 
D)  bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility (MH
C)  complexes by host cells 
E)  bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading or foreign cells 
A)  are active only in lymph nodes 
B)  bind only to antigens present on the surface of the invading or foreign cells 
C)  bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma 
D)  bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility (MH
C)  complexes by host cells 
E)  bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading or foreign cells

Question 18

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine?

Accepted Answer

A)  An isolated surface protein of a target virus is used to make the vaccine. 
B)  The target virus is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet light. 
C)  The target virus is damaged by exposure to formaldehyde. 
D)  The target virus is grown in a host other than humans and thus grows more slowly than normal. 
A)  An isolated surface protein of a target virus is used to make the vaccine. 
B)  The target virus is damaged by exposure to ultraviolet light. 
C)  The target virus is damaged by exposure to formaldehyde. 
D)  The target virus is grown in a host other than humans and thus grows more slowly than normal.

Question 19

Vaccination increases the number of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  different receptors that recognize a pathogen 
B)  lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen 
C)  epitopes that the immune system can recognize 
D)  macrophages specific for a pathogen 
E)  major histocompatibility (MH
C)  molecules that can present an antigen 
A)  different receptors that recognize a pathogen 
B)  lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen 
C)  epitopes that the immune system can recognize 
D)  macrophages specific for a pathogen 
E)  major histocompatibility (MH
C)  molecules that can present an antigen

Question 20

A patient who has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an autoimmune disease 
B)  a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft 
D)  the effect of exhaustion on the immune system 
E)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen 
A)  an autoimmune disease 
B)  a typical skin allergy (contact dermatitis) that can be treated by antihistamines 
C)  an organ transplant, such as a skin graft 
D)  the effect of exhaustion on the immune system 
E)  anaphylactic shock immediately following exposure to an allergen

Exam 48: The Immune System in Animals

What is the best description of the hygiene hypothesis?

Secondary immune responses upon a second exposure to a pathogen are due to the activation of ________.

T cells of the immune system include ________.

When antibodies bind antigens, the clumping of antigens results from ________.

Which of the following is TRUE of the humoral immune response and NOT true of the cell-mediated immune response? Only the humoral immune response ________.

Among the last line of defenses against prolonged exposure to an extracellular pathogen is ________.

Which of the following is the best definition of autoimmune disease?

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the adaptive immune response?

In the human disease known as lupus, there is an immune reaction against a patient's own DNA from broken or dying cells; this categorizes lupus as ________.

The ability of one person to produce over a million different antibody molecules does not require over a million different genes; rather, this wide range of antibody production is due to ________.

Clonal selection is an explanation for how ________.

What type of immunoglobulin is the most associated with breast feeding?

A key part of the humoral immune response is ________.

An immunoglobulin molecule has a light chain made up of ________.

The cell-mediated immunity that destroys virally infected cells primarily involves ________.

B-cell receptors bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading or foreign cells. T-cell receptors ________.

Which of the following is an example of a subunit vaccine?

Vaccination increases the number of ________.

A patient who has a high level of mast cell activity, dilation of blood vessels, and acute drop in blood pressure is likely suffering from ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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