Question 1

In a root nodule, the gene coding for nitrogenase

Accepted Answer

A)  is inactivated by leghemoglobin. 
B)  is absent in active bacteroids. 
C)  is found in the cells of the pericycle. 
D)  protects the nodule from nitrogen. 
E)  is part of the Rhizobium genome. 
A)  is inactivated by leghemoglobin. 
B)  is absent in active bacteroids. 
C)  is found in the cells of the pericycle. 
D)  protects the nodule from nitrogen. 
E)  is part of the Rhizobium genome.

Question 2

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  The pressure potential of the cells would increase. 
B)  Water would move out of the cells. 
C)  The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. 
D)  Solutes would move out of the cells. 
E)  The osmotic pressure of the cells would decrease. 
A)  The pressure potential of the cells would increase. 
B)  Water would move out of the cells. 
C)  The cell walls would rupture, killing the cells. 
D)  Solutes would move out of the cells. 
E)  The osmotic pressure of the cells would decrease.

Question 3

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  It aids in the uptake of nutrients. 
B)  It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex. 
C)  It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts. 
D)  It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele. 
E)  It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients. 
A)  It aids in the uptake of nutrients. 
B)  It provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex. 
C)  It ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts. 
D)  It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele. 
E)  It provides increased surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients.

Question 4

Two groups of tomatoes were grown in the laboratory, one with humus added to the soil and the other a control without humus. The leaves of the plants grown without humus were yellowish (less green) compared with those of the plants grown in humus-enriched soil. The best explanation for this difference is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the healthy plants used carbohydrates in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. 
B)  the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots. 
C)  the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. 
D)  the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis. 
E)  the healthy plants absorbed chlorophyll from the humus. 
A)  the healthy plants used carbohydrates in the decomposing leaves of the humus for energy to make chlorophyll. 
B)  the humus made the soil more loosely packed, so water penetrated more easily to the roots. 
C)  the humus contained minerals such as magnesium and iron, needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll. 
D)  the heat released by the decomposing leaves of the humus caused more rapid growth and chlorophyll synthesis. 
E)  the healthy plants absorbed chlorophyll from the humus.

Question 5

Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endomycorrhizae have thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhizae. 
B)  Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, form a dense sheath over the surface of the root. 
C)  Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes. 
D)  Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant species; about 85% of plant families form ectomycorrhizae. 
E)  There are no significant differences between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae. 
A)  Endomycorrhizae have thicker, shorter hyphae than ectomycorrhizae. 
B)  Endomycorrhizae, but not ectomycorrhizae, form a dense sheath over the surface of the root. 
C)  Ectomycorrhizae do not penetrate root cells, whereas endomycorrhizae grow into invaginations of the root cell membranes. 
D)  Ectomycorrhizae are found in woody plant species; about 85% of plant families form ectomycorrhizae. 
E)  There are no significant differences between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae.

Question 6

Guard cells do which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  protect the endodermis 
B)  accumulate K+ in order to close the stomata 
C)  contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells 
D)  guard against mineral loss through the stomata 
E)  help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise 
A)  protect the endodermis 
B)  accumulate K+ in order to close the stomata 
C)  contain chloroplasts that import K+ directly into the cells 
D)  guard against mineral loss through the stomata 
E)  help balance the photosynthesis-transpiration compromise

Question 7

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil?

Accepted Answer

A)  heavy irrigation to leach out the heavy metals 
B)  application of fertilizers to compete with heavy metal uptake 
C)  application of sulfur to lower the soil pH and precipitate the heavy metals 
D)  adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals 
E)  inoculating soil with mycorrhizae to avoid heavy metal uptake 
A)  heavy irrigation to leach out the heavy metals 
B)  application of fertilizers to compete with heavy metal uptake 
C)  application of sulfur to lower the soil pH and precipitate the heavy metals 
D)  adding plant species that have the ability to take up and accumulate heavy metals 
E)  inoculating soil with mycorrhizae to avoid heavy metal uptake

Question 8

A corn (Zea mays) mutant is developed that is impaired in magnesium uptake. The most likely phenotypic expression would be

Accepted Answer

A)  chlorosis, especially in the older leaves. 
B)  a purple tinge to actively growing shoots. 
C)  severely stunted root growth and branching. 
D)  a reduction in leaf surface area. 
E)  a delay in flowering. 
A)  chlorosis, especially in the older leaves. 
B)  a purple tinge to actively growing shoots. 
C)  severely stunted root growth and branching. 
D)  a reduction in leaf surface area. 
E)  a delay in flowering.

Question 9

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because

Accepted Answer

A)  chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis. 
B)  CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. 
C)  there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions. 
D)  stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf. 
E)  extreme heat causes photosynthetic enzymes to denature. 
A)  chloroplasts within wilted leaves are incapable of photosynthesis. 
B)  CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits the enzymes needed for photosynthesis. 
C)  there is insufficient water for photolysis during the light reactions. 
D)  stomata close, restricting CO2 entry into the leaf. 
E)  extreme heat causes photosynthetic enzymes to denature.

Question 10

All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except

Accepted Answer

A)  tracheids and vessels. 
B)  root hairs. 
C)  cuticle. 
D)  the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. 
E)  collenchyma. 
A)  tracheids and vessels. 
B)  root hairs. 
C)  cuticle. 
D)  the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis. 
E)  collenchyma.

Question 11

Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture?

Accepted Answer

A)  Fe 
B)  Bo 
C)  Mg 
D)  H 
E)  K 
A)  Fe 
B)  Bo 
C)  Mg 
D)  H 
E)  K

Question 12

Rhizobia and mycorrhizae share all of the following features except

Accepted Answer

A)  they both benefit by receiving carbohydrate from the plant. 
B)  many are host-specific. 
C)  they both become parasitic in nutrient-rich environments. 
D)  they both enhance the growth of most plants. 
E)  they both are found in most ecosystems of the world. 
A)  they both benefit by receiving carbohydrate from the plant. 
B)  many are host-specific. 
C)  they both become parasitic in nutrient-rich environments. 
D)  they both enhance the growth of most plants. 
E)  they both are found in most ecosystems of the world.

Question 13

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning. 
B)  Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. 
C)  Active transport of minerals was inhibited. 
D)  The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed. 
E)  Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential. 
A)  Mineral receptor proteins in the plant membrane were not functioning. 
B)  Mycorrhizal fungi were killed. 
C)  Active transport of minerals was inhibited. 
D)  The genes for the synthesis of transport proteins were destroyed. 
E)  Proton pumps reversed the membrane potential.

Question 14

As a biologist, it is your job to look for plants that have evolved structures with a selective advantage in dry, hot conditions. Which of the following adaptations would be least likely to meet your objective?

Accepted Answer

A)  CAM plants that grow rapidly 
B)  small, thick leaves with stomata on the lower surface 
C)  a thick cuticle on fleshy leaves 
D)  large, fleshy stems with the ability to carry out photosynthesis 
E)  plants that do not produce abscisic acid and have a short, thick taproot 
A)  CAM plants that grow rapidly 
B)  small, thick leaves with stomata on the lower surface 
C)  a thick cuticle on fleshy leaves 
D)  large, fleshy stems with the ability to carry out photosynthesis 
E)  plants that do not produce abscisic acid and have a short, thick taproot

Question 15

Which of the following would be in the lowest concentration in an actively growing shoot tip?

Accepted Answer

A)  zinc 
B)  nitrogen 
C)  phosphorus 
D)  potassium 
E)  calcium 
A)  zinc 
B)  nitrogen 
C)  phosphorus 
D)  potassium 
E)  calcium

Question 16

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived. 
B)  species that did not exhibit alternation of generations. 
C)  vascular plants with well-defined root systems. 
D)  plants with well-developed leaves. 
E)  species with a well-developed, thick cuticle. 
A)  nonvascular plants that grew leafless photosynthetic shoots above the shallow fresh water in which they lived. 
B)  species that did not exhibit alternation of generations. 
C)  vascular plants with well-defined root systems. 
D)  plants with well-developed leaves. 
E)  species with a well-developed, thick cuticle.

Question 17

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (a) The amount of molybdenum in a gram of dried plant material
(b) The amount of sulfur in a gram of dried plant material

Accepted Answer

A)  Item (a) is greater than item (b). 
B)  Item (a) is less than item (b). 
C)  Item (a) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (b). 
D)  There is not enough information to make a meaningful comparison. 
A)  Item (a) is greater than item (b). 
B)  Item (a) is less than item (b). 
C)  Item (a) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (b). 
D)  There is not enough information to make a meaningful comparison.

Question 18

Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots?

Accepted Answer

A)  mycorrhizae 
B)  cavitation 
C)  active uptake by vessel elements 
D)  rhythmic contractions by cortical cells 
E)  pumping through plasmodesmata 
A)  mycorrhizae 
B)  cavitation 
C)  active uptake by vessel elements 
D)  rhythmic contractions by cortical cells 
E)  pumping through plasmodesmata

Question 19

A soil well suited for the growth of most plants would have all of the following properties except

Accepted Answer

A)  abundant humus. 
B)  air spaces. 
C)  good drainage. 
D)  high cation exchange capacity. 
E)  a high pH. 
A)  abundant humus. 
B)  air spaces. 
C)  good drainage. 
D)  high cation exchange capacity. 
E)  a high pH.

Question 20

Upregulation of leghemoglobin biosynthesis in a leguminous species would most likely indicate

Accepted Answer

A)  the plant is suffering from a mineral deficiency. 
B)  the successful inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 
C)  the plant is suffering from water stress. 
D)  the plant has been infected with mycorrhizae. 
E)  an increase in the biosynthesis of amino acids. 
A)  the plant is suffering from a mineral deficiency. 
B)  the successful inoculation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 
C)  the plant is suffering from water stress. 
D)  the plant has been infected with mycorrhizae. 
E)  an increase in the biosynthesis of amino acids.

Exam 29: Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

In a root nodule, the gene coding for nitrogenase

If isolated plant cells with a water potential averaging -0.5 MPa are placed into a solution with a water potential of -0.3 MPa, which of the following would be the most likely outcome?

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?

Which of the following is a primary difference between ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae?

Guard cells do which of the following?

Which of the following would be the most effective strategy to remove toxic heavy metals from a soil?

A corn (Zea mays) mutant is developed that is impaired in magnesium uptake. The most likely phenotypic expression would be

Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves wilt because

All of the following are plant adaptations to life on land except

Which of the following essential nutrients plays an essential role in the opening and closing of the stomatal aperture?

Rhizobia and mycorrhizae share all of the following features except

A plant developed a mineral deficiency after being treated with a fungicide. What is the most probable cause of the deficiency?

As a biologist, it is your job to look for plants that have evolved structures with a selective advantage in dry, hot conditions. Which of the following adaptations would be least likely to meet your objective?

Which of the following would be in the lowest concentration in an actively growing shoot tip?

Given that early land plants most likely share a common ancestor with green algae, the earliest land plants were most likely

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship. (a) The amount of molybdenum in a gram of dried plant material (b) The amount of sulfur in a gram of dried plant material

Which of the following is an adaptation that enhances the uptake of water and minerals by roots?

A soil well suited for the growth of most plants would have all of the following properties except

Upregulation of leghemoglobin biosynthesis in a leguminous species would most likely indicate

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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