Question 1

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity,which one of the following would he/she want to employ?

Accepted Answer

A)  a one-way mirror 
B)  self-report measures 
C)  a research lab as opposed to a natural setting 
D)  visible recording equipment 
A)  a one-way mirror 
B)  self-report measures 
C)  a research lab as opposed to a natural setting 
D)  visible recording equipment

Question 2

What is a behavioral observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  a measure that relies on directly seeing behavior as it occurs 
B)  a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present 
C)  a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel 
D)  a design where variables are treated like independent variables even though they are not able to be manipulated 
A)  a measure that relies on directly seeing behavior as it occurs 
B)  a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present 
C)  a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel 
D)  a design where variables are treated like independent variables even though they are not able to be manipulated

Question 3

What is a quasi-experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A)  a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the dependent variables 
B)  a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables 
C)  a research design where random assignment cannot be used 
D)  a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are dependent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated 
A)  a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the dependent variables 
B)  a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables 
C)  a research design where random assignment cannot be used 
D)  a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are dependent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated

Question 4

A sample is made up of:

Accepted Answer

A)  a participant's friends. 
B)  the entire group under investigation. 
C)  the people who took part in a study. 
D)  the experimenter and his/her collaborators. 
A)  a participant's friends. 
B)  the entire group under investigation. 
C)  the people who took part in a study. 
D)  the experimenter and his/her collaborators.

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct order of sections for an APA-style report?

Accepted Answer

A)  results,method,discussion,reference page 
B)  discussion,method,results,reference page 
C)  method,results,discussion,reference page 
D)  reference page,method,results,discussion 
A)  results,method,discussion,reference page 
B)  discussion,method,results,reference page 
C)  method,results,discussion,reference page 
D)  reference page,method,results,discussion

Question 6

The _____ is the dependent measure,composed of the true score and the error,whereas the _____ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score.

Accepted Answer

A)  raw score;error 
B)  raw score;true score 
C)  error: raw score 
D)  error;true score 
A)  raw score;error 
B)  raw score;true score 
C)  error: raw score 
D)  error;true score

Question 7

Which of the following statements is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  A measure that has reliability must also have validity. 
B)  A measure can have validity without having reliability. 
C)  Measures either have reliability or validity,but not both. 
D)  A measure that has validity must also have reliability. 
A)  A measure that has reliability must also have validity. 
B)  A measure can have validity without having reliability. 
C)  Measures either have reliability or validity,but not both. 
D)  A measure that has validity must also have reliability.

Question 8

What is one advantage of behavioral observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  It requires the researcher to make assumptions. 
B)  It is open to social desirability biases. 
C)  It allows a researcher to see the behavior in its entirety so there is less need for inferences of meaning. 
D)  It is not vulnerable to demand characteristics. 
A)  It requires the researcher to make assumptions. 
B)  It is open to social desirability biases. 
C)  It allows a researcher to see the behavior in its entirety so there is less need for inferences of meaning. 
D)  It is not vulnerable to demand characteristics.

Question 9

When people remember their behavior they often do so in a way that:

Accepted Answer

A)  makes them look better. 
B)  makes them look worse. 
C)  is representative of the truth. 
D)  is purposefully deceitful. 
A)  makes them look better. 
B)  makes them look worse. 
C)  is representative of the truth. 
D)  is purposefully deceitful.

Question 10

Purposive sampling is used when:

Accepted Answer

A)  there are a limited number of people with expertise in a given area. 
B)  when there are certain subgroups of interest within the population. 
C)  when researchers need to meet a quota. 
D)  when researchers want a representative sample to draw unbiased conclusions about the population. 
A)  there are a limited number of people with expertise in a given area. 
B)  when there are certain subgroups of interest within the population. 
C)  when researchers need to meet a quota. 
D)  when researchers want a representative sample to draw unbiased conclusions about the population.

Question 11

Removing observer bias completely is:

Accepted Answer

A)  easy. 
B)  difficult. 
C)  impossible. 
D)  mandatory. 
A)  easy. 
B)  difficult. 
C)  impossible. 
D)  mandatory.

Question 12

What are demand characteristics?

Accepted Answer

A)  the tendency for respondents to give answers that make them look good 
B)  variables that cannot be manipulated but that are treated like independent variables 
C)  when the range of a dependent measure is set too high and all participants select the lowest alternative 
D)  cues that make participants potentially aware of what the experimenter expects 
A)  the tendency for respondents to give answers that make them look good 
B)  variables that cannot be manipulated but that are treated like independent variables 
C)  when the range of a dependent measure is set too high and all participants select the lowest alternative 
D)  cues that make participants potentially aware of what the experimenter expects

Question 13

Sensitivity is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the range of data a researcher can gather from a particular instrument. 
B)  when respondents choose responses that are consistent with social values but not necessarily accurate. 
C)  the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure. 
D)  the extent to which a research method will produce the same results each time it is used. 
A)  the range of data a researcher can gather from a particular instrument. 
B)  when respondents choose responses that are consistent with social values but not necessarily accurate. 
C)  the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure. 
D)  the extent to which a research method will produce the same results each time it is used.

Question 14

Reality television shows demonstrate the potential issue of _____ when observing the behavior of others.

Accepted Answer

A)  observer bias 
B)  participant reactivity 
C)  behavioral trace 
D)  demand characteristics 
A)  observer bias 
B)  participant reactivity 
C)  behavioral trace 
D)  demand characteristics

Question 15

Given the tendency of participants to engage in the social desirability bias,behavioral observation should provide _____ responses than self-report measures,particularly on sensitive topics.

Accepted Answer

A)  less genuine 
B)  more genuine 
C)  less detailed 
D)  more detailed 
A)  less genuine 
B)  more genuine 
C)  less detailed 
D)  more detailed

Question 16

Which of the following would likely provide the most accurate self-report data?

Accepted Answer

A)  questions about the past 
B)  questions about the present 
C)  questions about the future 
D)  questions about sensitive topics 
A)  questions about the past 
B)  questions about the present 
C)  questions about the future 
D)  questions about sensitive topics

Question 17

Psychologists would like their measurement tools to be as reliable as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  ruler. 
B)  snowflake. 
C)  price quote. 
D)  opinion. 
A)  ruler. 
B)  snowflake. 
C)  price quote. 
D)  opinion.

Question 18

Error can be reduced:

Accepted Answer

A)  by the use of scripts. 
B)  by running participants in different conditions at different geographic locations. 
C)  when the researcher varies his treatment of participants. 
D)  when social desirability bias is high. 
A)  by the use of scripts. 
B)  by running participants in different conditions at different geographic locations. 
C)  when the researcher varies his treatment of participants. 
D)  when social desirability bias is high.

Question 19

Viola hypothesizes that individuals who become police officers are more aggressive than people who choose other professions.A representative sample for her study would be:

Accepted Answer

A)  all police officers. 
B)  female police officers. 
C)  police officers that she knows. 
D)  a variety of police officers with different demographic backgrounds and from different locations. 
A)  all police officers. 
B)  female police officers. 
C)  police officers that she knows. 
D)  a variety of police officers with different demographic backgrounds and from different locations.

Question 20

Random error is to chance as:

Accepted Answer

A)  systematic is to accidental. 
B)  bias is to systematic. 
C)  bias is to haphazard. 
D)  chance is to systematic. 
A)  systematic is to accidental. 
B)  bias is to systematic. 
C)  bias is to haphazard. 
D)  chance is to systematic.

Exam 4: B: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity,which one of the following would he/she want to employ?

What is a behavioral observation?

What is a quasi-experimental design?

A sample is made up of:

Which of the following is the correct order of sections for an APA-style report?

The _____ is the dependent measure,composed of the true score and the error,whereas the _____ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score.

Which of the following statements is correct?

What is one advantage of behavioral observation?

When people remember their behavior they often do so in a way that:

Purposive sampling is used when:

Removing observer bias completely is:

What are demand characteristics?

Sensitivity is:

Reality television shows demonstrate the potential issue of _____ when observing the behavior of others.

Given the tendency of participants to engage in the social desirability bias,behavioral observation should provide _____ responses than self-report measures,particularly on sensitive topics.

Which of the following would likely provide the most accurate self-report data?

Psychologists would like their measurement tools to be as reliable as a(n):

Error can be reduced:

Viola hypothesizes that individuals who become police officers are more aggressive than people who choose other professions.A representative sample for her study would be:

Random error is to chance as:

A: Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

B: Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

C: Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

D: Psychology As Science: Thinking Like a Researcher

Psychology As Science: Part 1

Psychology As Science: Part 2

A: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

B: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

C: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

D: The Research Process: Ideas to Innovations

The Research Process: Part 1

The Research Process: Part 2

A: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

B: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

C: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

D: Ethics: Making Ethical Decisions in Research

Ethics: Part 1

Ethics: Part 2

A: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

C: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

D: The Psychologists Toolbox: Tools for Building Better Designs

The Psychologists: Part 1

The Psychologists: Part 2

A: Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

B: Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

C: Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

D: Qualitative Research: Getting Into the Mind of a Serial Killer

Qualitative Research: Part 1

Qualitative Research: Part 2

A: Observational Research: The Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

B: Observational Research: The Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

C: Observational Research: The Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

D: Observational Research: The Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Observational Research: Part 1

Observational Research: Part 2

A: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

B: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

C: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

D: Survey Design and Scale Construction: Is Going Greek a Great Idea

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Part 1

Survey Design and Scale Construction: Part 2

A: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

B: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

C: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

D: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Two-Group Design: Part 1

Two-Group Design: Part 2

A: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

B: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

C: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

D: Multi-Group Design: Im Feeling Hot, but Is the Earth Hot, Too

Multi-Group Design: Part 1

Multi-Group Design: Part 2

A: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

B: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

C: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

D: Within-Subjects Designs: Can Watching Reality Tv Shows Be Good for Us

Within-Subjects Designs: Part 1

Within-Subjects Designs: Part 2

The _ is the dependent measure,composed of the true score and the error,whereas the _ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score.