Question 1

Which of the following is a broad nutritional category of prokaryotes that is recognized by biologists?

Accepted Answer

A)  Physioautotrophs 
B)  Heterolithotrophs 
C)  Obligate aerobes 
D)  Chemoautotrophs 
E)  Obligate anaerobes 
A)  Physioautotrophs 
B)  Heterolithotrophs 
C)  Obligate aerobes 
D)  Chemoautotrophs 
E)  Obligate anaerobes

Question 2

One factor that determines the consequences of a bacterial infection for the host is the ability of the bacterium to produce chemical substances injurious to the host's tissues.The anthrax-causing bacterium,Bacillus anthracis,produces few toxins.However,it can multiply readily and ultimately it invades the entire bloodstream.Such a bacterium,therefore,has qualities of _______ invasiveness and _______ toxigenicity.

Accepted Answer

A)  low;high 
B)  high;high 
C)  low;low 
D)  high;low 
E)  moderate;moderate 
A)  low;high 
B)  high;high 
C)  low;low 
D)  high;low 
E)  moderate;moderate

Question 3

An ecologist examining the leaves of a diseased plant wonders if the fungus found on its roots is the pathogenic organism.Which step would be least necessary in order for the scientist to confirm that the fungus is responsible for the disease?

Accepted Answer

A)  Establishing that all sick plants have the fungus on their roots 
B)  Causing healthy plants to become sick by applying the fungus to their roots 
C)  Isolating the same fungus from newly infected hosts 
D)  Reinfecting more plants with the isolated fungus 
E)  Showing that the fungus arrives in fields on the feet of migrating birds 
A)  Establishing that all sick plants have the fungus on their roots 
B)  Causing healthy plants to become sick by applying the fungus to their roots 
C)  Isolating the same fungus from newly infected hosts 
D)  Reinfecting more plants with the isolated fungus 
E)  Showing that the fungus arrives in fields on the feet of migrating birds

Question 4

Which sequence represents the correct chronological order of events in the life of a Gram-positive bacterium?

Accepted Answer

A)  Endospore formation,low-nutrient stress,endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell 
B)  Low-nutrient stress,endospore formation,breakdown of parent cell,endospore germination 
C)  Endospore formation,endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell,low-nutrient stress 
D)  Low-nutrient stress,endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell,endospore formation 
E)  Endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell,low-nutrient stress,endospore formation 
A)  Endospore formation,low-nutrient stress,endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell 
B)  Low-nutrient stress,endospore formation,breakdown of parent cell,endospore germination 
C)  Endospore formation,endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell,low-nutrient stress 
D)  Low-nutrient stress,endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell,endospore formation 
E)  Endospore germination,breakdown of parent cell,low-nutrient stress,endospore formation

Question 5

You are given a mixed sample of Bacteria and Archaea and asked to identify which more specific groups are present.When you try culturing portions of the sample under different conditions,freshwater cultures at room temperature turn blue-green and cultures in high salt become dark purple.Which groups must be present in the mixed sample?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cyanobacteria and extreme halophiles 
B)  Extreme halophiles and proteobacteria 
C)  Proteobacteria and euryachaeota 
D)  Chlamydias and cyanobacteria 
E)  Chlamydias and proteobacteria 
A)  Cyanobacteria and extreme halophiles 
B)  Extreme halophiles and proteobacteria 
C)  Proteobacteria and euryachaeota 
D)  Chlamydias and cyanobacteria 
E)  Chlamydias and proteobacteria

Question 6

Suppose you are studying an organism with linear chromosomes,few plasmids,and membrane-enclosed organelles.Its lipids are most likely

Accepted Answer

A)  few in number. 
B)  unbranched. 
C)  ether-linked. 
D)  bound to proteoglycan. 
E)  solid at high temperatures. 
A)  few in number. 
B)  unbranched. 
C)  ether-linked. 
D)  bound to proteoglycan. 
E)  solid at high temperatures.

Question 7

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses

Accepted Answer

A)  have only a few genes,including one that allows them to make mRNA from their genome. 
B)  include viruses that are responsible for causing plant diseases and are referred to as mosaic viruses. 
C)  regenerate themselves by reverse transcription. 
D)  are polyphyletic and include some viruses that have more than a million base pairs. 
E)  have distinct lipids in their plasma membranes. 
A)  have only a few genes,including one that allows them to make mRNA from their genome. 
B)  include viruses that are responsible for causing plant diseases and are referred to as mosaic viruses. 
C)  regenerate themselves by reverse transcription. 
D)  are polyphyletic and include some viruses that have more than a million base pairs. 
E)  have distinct lipids in their plasma membranes.

Question 8

Double-stranded DNA viruses

Accepted Answer

A)  have only a few genes,including one that allows them to make mRNA from their genome. 
B)  include viruses that are responsible for causing plant diseases and are referred to as mosaic viruses. 
C)  regenerate themselves by reverse transcription. 
D)  are polyphyletic and include some viruses that have more than a million base pairs. 
E)  have distinct lipids in their plasma membranes. 
A)  have only a few genes,including one that allows them to make mRNA from their genome. 
B)  include viruses that are responsible for causing plant diseases and are referred to as mosaic viruses. 
C)  regenerate themselves by reverse transcription. 
D)  are polyphyletic and include some viruses that have more than a million base pairs. 
E)  have distinct lipids in their plasma membranes.

Question 9

Most prokaryotes

Accepted Answer

A)  are agents of disease. 
B)  lack ribosomes. 
C)  evolved from the most ancient eukaryotes. 
D)  lack a cell wall. 
E)  are chemoheterotrophs. 
A)  are agents of disease. 
B)  lack ribosomes. 
C)  evolved from the most ancient eukaryotes. 
D)  lack a cell wall. 
E)  are chemoheterotrophs.

Question 10

Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are thought to have arisen many times independently because

Accepted Answer

A)  they have only a few genes. 
B)  they have diverse capsid morphology. 
C)  they cause many human diseases including measles,mumps,and rabies. 
D)  their nucleotide sequences suggest that the different viruses are not closely related. 
E)  there are no known fossils. 
A)  they have only a few genes. 
B)  they have diverse capsid morphology. 
C)  they cause many human diseases including measles,mumps,and rabies. 
D)  their nucleotide sequences suggest that the different viruses are not closely related. 
E)  there are no known fossils.

Question 11

The common ancestor of all three domains of life probably had

Accepted Answer

A)  membrane-bound organelles. 
B)  a nucleus. 
C)  a Golgi apparatus. 
D)  operons. 
E)  a circular chromosome. 
A)  membrane-bound organelles. 
B)  a nucleus. 
C)  a Golgi apparatus. 
D)  operons. 
E)  a circular chromosome.

Question 12

_______,which include the bacterium that causes syphilis,use axial filaments to move.

Accepted Answer

A)  Cyanobacteria 
B)  Spirochetes 
C)  Chlamydias 
D)  Proteobacteria 
E)  Actinobacteria 
A)  Cyanobacteria 
B)  Spirochetes 
C)  Chlamydias 
D)  Proteobacteria 
E)  Actinobacteria

Question 13

Which statement about spirochetes is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are all free-living. 
B)  They are all parasites of other bacteria. 
C)  They can form chains of cells. 
D)  They all possess structures called terminal filaments. 
E)  They are spiral-shaped bacteria. 
A)  They are all free-living. 
B)  They are all parasites of other bacteria. 
C)  They can form chains of cells. 
D)  They all possess structures called terminal filaments. 
E)  They are spiral-shaped bacteria.

Question 14

Organisms that derive their carbon only from other organisms are called

Accepted Answer

A)  autotrophs. 
B)  herbivores. 
C)  heterotrophs. 
D)  photosynthetic. 
E)  protists. 
A)  autotrophs. 
B)  herbivores. 
C)  heterotrophs. 
D)  photosynthetic. 
E)  protists.

Question 15

If a few genes from Mycobacterium are discovered to be part of the circular chromosome of Streptomyces,one can conclude that _______ took place.

Accepted Answer

A)  sideways transfer 
B)  endosymbiosis 
C)  hybridization 
D)  lateral gene transfer 
E)  plasmid exchange 
A)  sideways transfer 
B)  endosymbiosis 
C)  hybridization 
D)  lateral gene transfer 
E)  plasmid exchange

Question 16

A consensus tree consists of a cladogram

Accepted Answer

A)  based on morphological characteristics. 
B)  that summarizes evolutionary relationships among organisms using data from multiple different gene sequences. 
C)  showing lateral gene transfer for a single gene. 
D)  showing the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on a single DNA sequence. 
E)  based on molecular and biochemical features. 
A)  based on morphological characteristics. 
B)  that summarizes evolutionary relationships among organisms using data from multiple different gene sequences. 
C)  showing lateral gene transfer for a single gene. 
D)  showing the evolutionary relationships among organisms based on a single DNA sequence. 
E)  based on molecular and biochemical features.

Question 17

Mycoplasmas

Accepted Answer

A)  contain less DNA than most other prokaryotes. 
B)  have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. 
C)  form a branched,filamentous mycelium. 
D)  possess elaborate internal membrane systems. 
E)  can be controlled by penicillin. 
A)  contain less DNA than most other prokaryotes. 
B)  have peptidoglycan in their cell walls. 
C)  form a branched,filamentous mycelium. 
D)  possess elaborate internal membrane systems. 
E)  can be controlled by penicillin.

Question 18

Which is a basic feature of a prokaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

A)  Linear DNA chromosomes 
B)  Nuclear envelope 
C)  Enzymes for transcription and translation 
D)  A system for generating GTP 
E)  Membrane-enclosed organelles 
A)  Linear DNA chromosomes 
B)  Nuclear envelope 
C)  Enzymes for transcription and translation 
D)  A system for generating GTP 
E)  Membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 19

Some biologists think that viruses should not be classified as living organisms because they

Accepted Answer

A)  have an unusual cellular structure. 
B)  infect all cellular forms of life. 
C)  depend on cellular organisms in order to replicate. 
D)  do not make pigments. 
E)  vary in the use of DNA and RNA in their genomes. 
A)  have an unusual cellular structure. 
B)  infect all cellular forms of life. 
C)  depend on cellular organisms in order to replicate. 
D)  do not make pigments. 
E)  vary in the use of DNA and RNA in their genomes.

Question 20

Suppose you are given unlabeled cultures of colonies of cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria.How can you use an obligate aerobic eukaryotic organism to test which colonies are which?

Accepted Answer

A)  Add the aerobe to each culture;cyanobacteria will be toxic to other organisms. 
B)  Add the aerobe to each culture;purple sulfur bacteria will be toxic to other organisms. 
C)  Add the aerobe to each culture;cyanobacteria will provide the required oxygen if allowed to photosynthesize. 
D)  Add the aerobe to each culture;purple sulfur bacteria will provide the required oxygen if allowed to photosynthesize. 
E)  The aerobe cannot be used to test which colonies are which. 
A)  Add the aerobe to each culture;cyanobacteria will be toxic to other organisms. 
B)  Add the aerobe to each culture;purple sulfur bacteria will be toxic to other organisms. 
C)  Add the aerobe to each culture;cyanobacteria will provide the required oxygen if allowed to photosynthesize. 
D)  Add the aerobe to each culture;purple sulfur bacteria will provide the required oxygen if allowed to photosynthesize. 
E)  The aerobe cannot be used to test which colonies are which.

Exam 19: Bacteria, Archaea, and Viruses

Which of the following is a broad nutritional category of prokaryotes that is recognized by biologists?

An ecologist examining the leaves of a diseased plant wonders if the fungus found on its roots is the pathogenic organism.Which step would be least necessary in order for the scientist to confirm that the fungus is responsible for the disease?

Which sequence represents the correct chronological order of events in the life of a Gram-positive bacterium?

Suppose you are studying an organism with linear chromosomes,few plasmids,and membrane-enclosed organelles.Its lipids are most likely

Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses

Double-stranded DNA viruses

Most prokaryotes

Negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are thought to have arisen many times independently because

The common ancestor of all three domains of life probably had

_______,which include the bacterium that causes syphilis,use axial filaments to move.

Which statement about spirochetes is true?

Organisms that derive their carbon only from other organisms are called

If a few genes from Mycobacterium are discovered to be part of the circular chromosome of Streptomyces,one can conclude that _______ took place.

A consensus tree consists of a cladogram

Mycoplasmas

Which is a basic feature of a prokaryotic cell?

Some biologists think that viruses should not be classified as living organisms because they

Suppose you are given unlabeled cultures of colonies of cyanobacteria and purple sulfur bacteria.How can you use an obligate aerobic eukaryotic organism to test which colonies are which?

Introduction

The Chemistry and Energy of Life

Nucleic Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes

Cells: the Working Units of Life

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Pathways That Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

The Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Inheritance, Genes, and Chromosomes

DNA and Its Role in Heredity

From Dna to Protein: Gene Expression

Regulation of Gene Expression

Genomes

Biotechnology

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Processes of Evolution

Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies

Speciation

The History of Life on Earth

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Evolution of Plants

The Evolution and Diversity of Fungi

Animal Origins and Diversity

The Plant Body

Plant Nutrition and Transport

Plant Growth and Development

Reproduction of Flowering Plants

Plants in the Environment

Fundamentals of Animal Function

Nutrition and Digestion

Breathing

Circulation

Muscle and Movement

Neurons, Sense Organs, and Nervous Systems

Nervous and Endocrine Control

Water and Salts: Excretion

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Immunology: Animal Defense Systems

Animal Behavior

The Distribution of Earths Ecological Systems

Populations

Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Interactions Within and Among Species

Ecological Communities

The Global Ecosystem

Filters