Question 1

The increase in osmotic gradient in the inner medullary interstitium compared to the outer medulla is mainly caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  NaCl 
B)  Urea 
C)  Glucose 
D)  KCl 
E)  proteins 
A)  NaCl 
B)  Urea 
C)  Glucose 
D)  KCl 
E)  proteins B

Question 2

The absorption of an isosmotic fluid in the proximal tubule occurs because

Accepted Answer

A)  Water follows solute transport by osmosis 
B)  W ater is actively transported 
C)  Salt is passively reabsorbed 
D)  Glucose is passively reabsorbed 
E)  Urea is passively reabsorbed 
A)  Water follows solute transport by osmosis 
B)  W ater is actively transported 
C)  Salt is passively reabsorbed 
D)  Glucose is passively reabsorbed 
E)  Urea is passively reabsorbed A

Question 3

The limit for excretion of dilute urine is about

Accepted Answer

A)  600 mOsM 
B)  300 mOsM 
C)  150 mOsM 
D)  70 mOsM 
E)  20 mOsM 
A)  600 mOsM 
B)  300 mOsM 
C)  150 mOsM 
D)  70 mOsM 
E)  20 mOsM D

Question 4

The highest concentration reached in the inner medullary interstitium is about

Accepted Answer

A)  300 mOsM 
B)  600 mOsM 
C)  900 mOsM 
D)  1200 mOsM 
E)  1500 mOsM 
A)  300 mOsM 
B)  600 mOsM 
C)  900 mOsM 
D)  1200 mOsM 
E)  1500 mOsM

Question 5

In the absence of ADH

Accepted Answer

A)  Urine flow is high and urine is dilute 
B)  Urea permeability in the collecting duct is high 
C)  W ater permeability in the late distal tubule is high 
D)  The proxim al tubule reabsorbs m ore salt 
E)  Both A and C are true 
A)  Urine flow is high and urine is dilute 
B)  Urea permeability in the collecting duct is high 
C)  W ater permeability in the late distal tubule is high 
D)  The proxim al tubule reabsorbs m ore salt 
E)  Both A and C are true

Question 6

The mechanism indirectly responsible for absorption of solute and water in the proxim al tubule is

Accepted Answer

A)  SGLT1 
B)  GLUT2 
C)  NCX 
D)  NHE 
E)  Na-K-ATPase 
A)  SGLT1 
B)  GLUT2 
C)  NCX 
D)  NHE 
E)  Na-K-ATPase

Question 7

The limit for excretion of concentrated urine is about

Accepted Answer

A)  3000 mOsM 
B)  2000 mOsM 
C)  1200 mOsM 
D)  600 mOsM 
E)  300 mOsM 
A)  3000 mOsM 
B)  2000 mOsM 
C)  1200 mOsM 
D)  600 mOsM 
E)  300 mOsM

Question 8

The fluid normally presented to the loop of Henle from the proxim al tubule

Accepted Answer

A)  Is isosmotic with plasma 
B)  Has no glucose 
C)  Has no amino acids 
D)  Has had two-thirds of Na+ reabsorbed 
E)  All of the above are true 
A)  Is isosmotic with plasma 
B)  Has no glucose 
C)  Has no amino acids 
D)  Has had two-thirds of Na+ reabsorbed 
E)  All of the above are true

Question 9

The part of the kidney that acts as a counter-current multiplier is the

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal tubule 
B)  Loop of Henle 
C)  Early distal tubule 
D)  Vasa Recta 
E)  Collecting duct 
A)  Proximal tubule 
B)  Loop of Henle 
C)  Early distal tubule 
D)  Vasa Recta 
E)  Collecting duct

Question 10

Infusion of mannitol

Accepted Answer

A)  Marks the extracellular fluid volume 
B)  Increases the final osmolarity of the urine 
C)  Increases the osmolarity of the kindey interstitium 
D)  Increases urine flow 
E)  Increases renal plasma flow 
A)  Marks the extracellular fluid volume 
B)  Increases the final osmolarity of the urine 
C)  Increases the osmolarity of the kindey interstitium 
D)  Increases urine flow 
E)  Increases renal plasma flow

Question 11

Blood in the aggregate efferent arterioles

Accepted Answer

A)  Is hypoosmotic due to glomerular filtration 
B)  Has a higher oncotic pressure than systemic blood 
C)  Mainly perfuses the kidney interstitium 
D)  Has a higher hydrostatic pressure than afferent arteriolar blood 
E)  Has a lower oncotic pressure than afferent ateriolar blood 
A)  Is hypoosmotic due to glomerular filtration 
B)  Has a higher oncotic pressure than systemic blood 
C)  Mainly perfuses the kidney interstitium 
D)  Has a higher hydrostatic pressure than afferent arteriolar blood 
E)  Has a lower oncotic pressure than afferent ateriolar blood

Question 12

In the presence of high ADH

Accepted Answer

A)  Urine flow is high and urine is dilute 
B)  Urine flow is high and urine is concentrated 
C)  Urine flow is low and urine is dilute 
D)  Urine flow is low and urine is concentrated 
E)  Urine flow stops 
A)  Urine flow is high and urine is dilute 
B)  Urine flow is high and urine is concentrated 
C)  Urine flow is low and urine is dilute 
D)  Urine flow is low and urine is concentrated 
E)  Urine flow stops

Question 13

The osmotic gradient in the outer medullary interstitium is mainly caused by

Accepted Answer

A)  NaCl 
B)  Urea 
C)  Glucose 
D)  KCl 
E)  proteins 
A)  NaCl 
B)  Urea 
C)  Glucose 
D)  KCl 
E)  proteins

Question 14

The blood in the vasa recta that leaves the m edulla is

Accepted Answer

A)  Slightly hypoosmotic 
B)  Slightly hyperosmotic 
C)  Highly hypoosm otic 
D)  Highly hyperosmotic 
E)  Isosmotic 
A)  Slightly hypoosmotic 
B)  Slightly hyperosmotic 
C)  Highly hypoosm otic 
D)  Highly hyperosmotic 
E)  Isosmotic

Question 15

The part of the kidney that acts as a counter-current exchanger is the

Accepted Answer

A)  Proximal tubule 
B)  Loop of Henle 
C)  Early distal tubule 
D)  Vasa Recta 
E)  Collecting duct 
A)  Proximal tubule 
B)  Loop of Henle 
C)  Early distal tubule 
D)  Vasa Recta 
E)  Collecting duct

Question 16

The thick ascending limb of Henle reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-.

Accepted Answer

A) Via a amiloride-sensitive EnaC 
B)  Via a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter 
C)  Via a furosemide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 
D)  Via AQP2 
E)  Via AQP4 
A) Via a amiloride-sensitive EnaC 
B)  Via a thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter 
C)  Via a furosemide-sensitive Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 
D)  Via AQP2 
E)  Via AQP4

Question 17

The early distal tubule is distinct from the late distal tubule in that

Accepted Answer

A)  It is not permeable to water 
B)  It reabsorbs Na and Cl thorugh the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 
C)  It is not sensitive to ADH 
D)  It does not reabsorb Na and Cl 
E)  Both A and C are true 
A)  It is not permeable to water 
B)  It reabsorbs Na and Cl thorugh the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter 
C)  It is not sensitive to ADH 
D)  It does not reabsorb Na and Cl 
E)  Both A and C are true

Question 18

Plasm a glucose that exceeds the renal threshold

Accepted Answer

A)  Means the Tm for glucose is decreased 
B)  Is a consequence of osmotic equilibration 
C)  Increases urine flow by osmotic diuresis 
D)  Is reabsorbed com pletely in the proxim al tubule 
E)  Is reabsorbed eventually in the distal tubule 
A)  Means the Tm for glucose is decreased 
B)  Is a consequence of osmotic equilibration 
C)  Increases urine flow by osmotic diuresis 
D)  Is reabsorbed com pletely in the proxim al tubule 
E)  Is reabsorbed eventually in the distal tubule

Question 19

At the end of the proximal tubule, tubule fluid osmolarity is about

Accepted Answer

A)  600 mOsM 
B)  300 mOsM 
C)  100 mOsM 
D)  70 mOsM 
E)  1200 mOsM 
A)  600 mOsM 
B)  300 mOsM 
C)  100 mOsM 
D)  70 mOsM 
E)  1200 mOsM

Question 20

The fluid entering the distal tubule from the loop of Henle

Accepted Answer

A)  Is hypoosmotic to plasma 
B)  Has the same volume as fluid that enters the loop of Henle 
C)  Has all the urea that was present at the end of the proxim al tubule 
D)  Has the same creatinine concentration as the fluid that enters the loop of Henle because creatinine is not reabsorbed in the loop 
E)  Is in osmotic equilibrium with the kidney interstitium 
A)  Is hypoosmotic to plasma 
B)  Has the same volume as fluid that enters the loop of Henle 
C)  Has all the urea that was present at the end of the proxim al tubule 
D)  Has the same creatinine concentration as the fluid that enters the loop of Henle because creatinine is not reabsorbed in the loop 
E)  Is in osmotic equilibrium with the kidney interstitium

Exam 54: Concentration and Dilution of Urine

The increase in osmotic gradient in the inner medullary interstitium compared to the outer medulla is mainly caused by

The absorption of an isosmotic fluid in the proximal tubule occurs because

The limit for excretion of dilute urine is about

The highest concentration reached in the inner medullary interstitium is about

In the absence of ADH

The mechanism indirectly responsible for absorption of solute and water in the proxim al tubule is

The limit for excretion of concentrated urine is about

The fluid normally presented to the loop of Henle from the proxim al tubule

The part of the kidney that acts as a counter-current multiplier is the

Infusion of mannitol

Blood in the aggregate efferent arterioles

In the presence of high ADH

The osmotic gradient in the outer medullary interstitium is mainly caused by

The blood in the vasa recta that leaves the m edulla is

The part of the kidney that acts as a counter-current exchanger is the

The thick ascending limb of Henle reabsorbs Na+ and Cl-.

The early distal tubule is distinct from the late distal tubule in that

Plasm a glucose that exceeds the renal threshold

At the end of the proximal tubule, tubule fluid osmolarity is about

The fluid entering the distal tubule from the loop of Henle

Physical Foundations Ii: Electrical Force Potential Capacitance and Current

Chemical Foundations I: Chemical Energy and Intermolecular Forces

Chemical Foundations Ii: Concentration and Kinetics

Diffusion

Electrochemical Potential and Free Energy

Cell Structure

Dna and Protein Synthesis

Protein Structure

Biological Membranes

Passive Transport and Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport: Pumps and Exchangers

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

Cell Signaling

ATP Production I: Glycolysis

Atp Production Ii: Tca Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Atp Production Iii: Fatty Acid Oxidation and Amino Acid Oxidation

Origin of the Membrane Potential

The Action Potential

Propagation of the Action Potential

Skeletal Muscle Mechanics

Contractile Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle

Neuromuscular Junction and Ec Coupling

Muscle Energetics Fatigue and Training

Smooth Muscle

Organization of the Nervous System

Cells Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Cutaneous Sensory Systems

Spinal Reflexes

Balance and Control of Movement

the Chemical Senses

Hearing

Vision

Autonomic Nervous System

Overview of the Cv System and Blood

Plasma and Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells and Inflammation

The Heart As a Pump

Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility

the Cardiac Function Curve

Vascular Function: Hemodynamics

Microcirculation and Solute Exchange

Regulation of Perfusion

Integration of Cardiac Output and Venous Return

Regulation of Arterial Pressure

Mechanics of Breathing

Lung Volumes and Airway Resistance

Gas Exchange in the Lung

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Acid Base Physiology I Bicarbonate Buffers and Respiratory Compensation

Control of Ventilation

Anatomy and Renal Overview

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Mouth and Esophagus

The Stomach

Intestinal and Colonic Motility

Pancreatic and Biliary Secretion

Digestion and Absorption of the Macronutrients

Energy Balance and Regulation of Food Intake

The thick ascending limb of Henle reabsorbs Na⁺ and Cl^-.