Question 1

Myotomes are

Accepted Answer

A)  Groups of muscles whose alpha motor neurons lie usually in a single spinal segment 
B)  Large muscles 
C)  Region of the skeleton that maps onto a region of the spinal cord 
D)  Region of the skin whose sensory information enters the spinal cord at one segment 
E)  Group of motor neurons within the spinal cord 
A)  Groups of muscles whose alpha motor neurons lie usually in a single spinal segment 
B)  Large muscles 
C)  Region of the skeleton that maps onto a region of the spinal cord 
D)  Region of the skin whose sensory information enters the spinal cord at one segment 
E)  Group of motor neurons within the spinal cord A

Question 2

The substantia nigra

Accepted Answer

A)  Excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway 
B)  Inhibits the direct pathway and excites the indirect pathway 
C)  Uses serotonin as its main neurotransmitter 
D)  Connects mainly to the caudate and the external globus pallidus 
E)  Both A and C are correct 
A)  Excites the direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway 
B)  Inhibits the direct pathway and excites the indirect pathway 
C)  Uses serotonin as its main neurotransmitter 
D)  Connects mainly to the caudate and the external globus pallidus 
E)  Both A and C are correct A

Question 3

The substantia nigra

Accepted Answer

A)  uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter 
B)  activates the direct pathway to promote movement 
C)  inhibits the indirect pathway that inhibits movement 
D)  is dysfunctional in Parkinson’s disease 
E)  All of the above are true 
A)  uses dopamine as a neurotransmitter 
B)  activates the direct pathway to promote movement 
C)  inhibits the indirect pathway that inhibits movement 
D)  is dysfunctional in Parkinson’s disease 
E)  All of the above are true E

Question 4

Apraxia, the lack of coordination of bilateral movem ents, can be produced by deficits in the

Accepted Answer

A)  Substantia nigra 
B)  Primary motor cortex 
C)  Supplementary motor cortex 
D)  Sensory association cortex 
E)  Prefrontal cortex 
A)  Substantia nigra 
B)  Primary motor cortex 
C)  Supplementary motor cortex 
D)  Sensory association cortex 
E)  Prefrontal cortex

Question 5

W hich of the following is not part of the basal ganglia?

Accepted Answer

A)  External globus pallidus 
B)  Caudate nucleus 
C)  Putamen 
D)  Superior colliculus 
E)  Substantia nigra 
A)  External globus pallidus 
B)  Caudate nucleus 
C)  Putamen 
D)  Superior colliculus 
E)  Substantia nigra

Question 6

“Lower motor neurons” are neurons whose cell bodies are located in

Accepted Answer

A)  Pre-central gyrus 
B)  Post-central gyrus 
C)  Dorsal columns 
D)  Dorsal root 
E)  Ventral horn of the spinal cord 
A)  Pre-central gyrus 
B)  Post-central gyrus 
C)  Dorsal columns 
D)  Dorsal root 
E)  Ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 7

The “population code” for m uscle force refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  W hether slow twitch or fast twitch muscles are recruited 
B)  The number of motor units, and therefore muscle fibers, that are active 
C)  W hich muscles are activated 
D)  Inverse innervation of antagonistic muscles 
E)  Co-innervation of synergistic muscles 
A)  W hether slow twitch or fast twitch muscles are recruited 
B)  The number of motor units, and therefore muscle fibers, that are active 
C)  W hich muscles are activated 
D)  Inverse innervation of antagonistic muscles 
E)  Co-innervation of synergistic muscles

Question 8

Rotation of the head in the horizontal plane excites

Accepted Answer

A)  hair cells in the utricle 
B)  hair cells in the posterior canal 
C)  hair cells in the antrerior canal 
D)  hair cells in the horizontal canal 
E)  hair cells in the saccule 
A)  hair cells in the utricle 
B)  hair cells in the posterior canal 
C)  hair cells in the antrerior canal 
D)  hair cells in the horizontal canal 
E)  hair cells in the saccule

Question 9

The primary motor cortex is located in the

Accepted Answer

A)  Pre-central gyrus 
B)  Post-central gyrus 
C)  Dorsal columns 
D)  Dorsal root 
E)  Ventral horn of the spinal cord 
A)  Pre-central gyrus 
B)  Post-central gyrus 
C)  Dorsal columns 
D)  Dorsal root 
E)  Ventral horn of the spinal cord

Question 10

Deformation of the kinocilium away from the other stereocilia

Accepted Answer

A)  Opens a Ca2+ channel that depolarizes the hair cells 
B)  Opens a Na+ channel that depolarizes the hair cells 
C)  Opens a Cl- channel that hyperpolarizes the hair cells 
D)  Opens a Cl- channel that depolarizes the hair cells 
E)  Opens a K+ channel that depolarizes the cells because the endolymph has a very high
[K+] 
A)  Opens a Ca2+ channel that depolarizes the hair cells 
B)  Opens a Na+ channel that depolarizes the hair cells 
C)  Opens a Cl- channel that hyperpolarizes the hair cells 
D)  Opens a Cl- channel that depolarizes the hair cells 
E)  Opens a K+ channel that depolarizes the cells because the endolymph has a very high
[K+]

Question 11

Muscles can vary their force mainly by which of the following ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recruiting more motor units 
B)  Increasing the length of the muscle 
C)  Increasing the frequency of stimulation of recruited motor units 
D)  Increasing the phosphorylation of myosin light chains 
E)  A and C are correct 
A)  Recruiting more motor units 
B)  Increasing the length of the muscle 
C)  Increasing the frequency of stimulation of recruited motor units 
D)  Increasing the phosphorylation of myosin light chains 
E)  A and C are correct

Question 12

Sensory information about what movem ent has occurred enters the cerebellum over

Accepted Answer

A)  Purkinje cells 
B)  Basket cells 
C)  Climbing fibers 
D)  Mossy fibers 
E)  Rubrospinal tract 
A)  Purkinje cells 
B)  Basket cells 
C)  Climbing fibers 
D)  Mossy fibers 
E)  Rubrospinal tract

Question 13

Motor neurons for the proximal muscles are located

Accepted Answer

A)  Medially in the ventral horn 
B)  Laterally in the ventral horn 
C)  Towards the outside of the cord 
D)  Towards the inside of the cord 
E)  Near the muscle 
A)  Medially in the ventral horn 
B)  Laterally in the ventral horn 
C)  Towards the outside of the cord 
D)  Towards the inside of the cord 
E)  Near the muscle

Question 14

“Duplicate” motor comm ands enter the cerebellum over

Accepted Answer

A)  Purkinje cells 
B)  Basket cells 
C)  Climbing fibers 
D)  Mossy fibers 
E)  Rubrospinal tract 
A)  Purkinje cells 
B)  Basket cells 
C)  Climbing fibers 
D)  Mossy fibers 
E)  Rubrospinal tract

Question 15

The motor neuron pool for a given muscle is the

Accepted Answer

A)  Extracellular fluid that bathes the motor neurons 
B)  Cerebrospinal fluid, CSF 
C)  Set of motor neurons grouped vertically in the spinal cord than innervate a single
muscle 
D)  Set of motor neurons in the prim ary cortex that innervates a single m uscle 
E)  Motor neurons not yet recruited 
A)  Extracellular fluid that bathes the motor neurons 
B)  Cerebrospinal fluid, CSF 
C)  Set of motor neurons grouped vertically in the spinal cord than innervate a single
muscle 
D)  Set of motor neurons in the prim ary cortex that innervates a single m uscle 
E)  Motor neurons not yet recruited

Question 16

Rotation of the head to its right

Accepted Answer

A)  Excites hair cells in the right horizontal canal but inhibits them in the left 
B)  Excites hair cells in both right and left horizontal canals 
C)  Inhibits hair cells in both right and left horizontal canals 
D)  Inhibits hair cells in the right horizontal canal but excites them in the left 
E)  Makes a person dizzy 
A)  Excites hair cells in the right horizontal canal but inhibits them in the left 
B)  Excites hair cells in both right and left horizontal canals 
C)  Inhibits hair cells in both right and left horizontal canals 
D)  Inhibits hair cells in the right horizontal canal but excites them in the left 
E)  Makes a person dizzy

Question 17

Sensory information about static gravity derives from hair cells in the

Accepted Answer

A)  Horizontal canal 
B)  Anterior canal 
C)  Posterior canal 
D)  Saccule and Utricle 
E)  Cochlea 
A)  Horizontal canal 
B)  Anterior canal 
C)  Posterior canal 
D)  Saccule and Utricle 
E)  Cochlea

Exam 29: Balance and Control of Movement

Myotomes are

The substantia nigra

The substantia nigra

Apraxia, the lack of coordination of bilateral movem ents, can be produced by deficits in the

W hich of the following is not part of the basal ganglia?

“Lower motor neurons” are neurons whose cell bodies are located in

The “population code” for m uscle force refers to

Rotation of the head in the horizontal plane excites

The primary motor cortex is located in the

Deformation of the kinocilium away from the other stereocilia

Muscles can vary their force mainly by which of the following ?

Sensory information about what movem ent has occurred enters the cerebellum over

Motor neurons for the proximal muscles are located

“Duplicate” motor comm ands enter the cerebellum over

The motor neuron pool for a given muscle is the

Rotation of the head to its right

Sensory information about static gravity derives from hair cells in the

Physical Foundations Ii: Electrical Force Potential Capacitance and Current

Chemical Foundations I: Chemical Energy and Intermolecular Forces

Chemical Foundations Ii: Concentration and Kinetics

Diffusion

Electrochemical Potential and Free Energy

Cell Structure

Dna and Protein Synthesis

Protein Structure

Biological Membranes

Passive Transport and Facilitated Diffusion

Active Transport: Pumps and Exchangers

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

Cell Signaling

ATP Production I: Glycolysis

Atp Production Ii: Tca Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation

Atp Production Iii: Fatty Acid Oxidation and Amino Acid Oxidation

Origin of the Membrane Potential

The Action Potential

Propagation of the Action Potential

Skeletal Muscle Mechanics

Contractile Mechanisms in Skeletal Muscle

Neuromuscular Junction and Ec Coupling

Muscle Energetics Fatigue and Training

Smooth Muscle

Organization of the Nervous System

Cells Synapses and Neurotransmitters

Cutaneous Sensory Systems

Spinal Reflexes

the Chemical Senses

Hearing

Vision

Autonomic Nervous System

Overview of the Cv System and Blood

Plasma and Red Blood Cells

White Blood Cells and Inflammation

The Heart As a Pump

Cellular Basis of Cardiac Contractility

the Cardiac Function Curve

Vascular Function: Hemodynamics

Microcirculation and Solute Exchange

Regulation of Perfusion

Integration of Cardiac Output and Venous Return

Regulation of Arterial Pressure

Mechanics of Breathing

Lung Volumes and Airway Resistance

Gas Exchange in the Lung

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

Acid Base Physiology I Bicarbonate Buffers and Respiratory Compensation

Control of Ventilation

Anatomy and Renal Overview

Glomerular Filtration

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Concentration and Dilution of Urine

Mouth and Esophagus

The Stomach

Intestinal and Colonic Motility

Pancreatic and Biliary Secretion

Digestion and Absorption of the Macronutrients

Energy Balance and Regulation of Food Intake

General Principles of Endocrinology

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

The Thyroid Gland