Question 1

Which term refers to the spaces between adjacent Schwann cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  nodes of Ranvier 
B)  axon terminals 
C)  active gaps 
D)  intercalated discs 
A)  nodes of Ranvier 
B)  axon terminals 
C)  active gaps 
D)  intercalated discs

Question 2

What does an invertebrate statocyst contain that surrounds movable elements so that changes in body position move the latter and thus trigger an action potential?

Accepted Answer

A)  efferent neurons, which surround statoliths 
B)  statoliths, which surround sensory hair cells 
C)  otoliths, which surround sensory hair cells 
D)  sensory hair cells, which surround statoliths 
A)  efferent neurons, which surround statoliths 
B)  statoliths, which surround sensory hair cells 
C)  otoliths, which surround sensory hair cells 
D)  sensory hair cells, which surround statoliths

Question 3

Like humans, some animals have two eyes on the front of the head that perceive a mostly overlapping visual field. In contrast, some herbivores (rabbits, for example) have eyes on the sides of their head and visual fields that may not overlap at all. How does position of the eyes in the head impact perception of the environment?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits. 
B)  Humans have poorer depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits. 
C)  Humans have poorer depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits. 
D)  Due to integration by the brain, there is no real difference in depth perception or visual field size in humans and rabbits. 
A)  Humans have better depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits. 
B)  Humans have poorer depth perception and a wider field of vision than rabbits. 
C)  Humans have poorer depth perception and a narrower field of vision than rabbits. 
D)  Due to integration by the brain, there is no real difference in depth perception or visual field size in humans and rabbits.

Question 4

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located within axon terminals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Match each term with its definition.
-lateral geniculate nuclei

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 6

What will a hollow neural tube develop into?

Accepted Answer

A)  spinal nerves 
B)  the brain 
C)  motor nerves 
D)  the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain 
A)  spinal nerves 
B)  the brain 
C)  motor nerves 
D)  the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

Question 7

Match each term with its definition.
-brain stem

Accepted Answer

A) loose meshwork of neurons organized with radial symmetry 
B) cavities in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid 
C) efferent portion of the PNS that deals with body movements that are under conscious, voluntary control 
D) neuronal activity that occurs without conscious effort; often associated with protection 
E) carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures
F)composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
G)associated with the ability to speak 
A) loose meshwork of neurons organized with radial symmetry 
B) cavities in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid 
C) efferent portion of the PNS that deals with body movements that are under conscious, voluntary control 
D) neuronal activity that occurs without conscious effort; often associated with protection 
E) carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures
F)composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
G)associated with the ability to speak

Question 8

Which of the following remove(s) Ca2+ from the inside of an axon terminal of a chemical synapse after an electrical impulse has passed?

Accepted Answer

A)  ion channels 
B)  simple diffusion through the plasma membrane 
C)  active transport pumps 
D)  exocytosis 
A)  ion channels 
B)  simple diffusion through the plasma membrane 
C)  active transport pumps 
D)  exocytosis

Question 9

Identify each lettered part of the neuromast shown.  
-gelatinous cupula

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered part of the neuromast...

Question 10

A deaf dolphin lacks the ability to perceive its environment through echolocation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

Which of the following is common to all vertebrates?

Accepted Answer

A)  a small brain 
B)  large ganglia 
C)  a midbrain 
D)  a convoluted cerebrum 
A)  a small brain 
B)  large ganglia 
C)  a midbrain 
D)  a convoluted cerebrum

Question 12

Identify each lettered part of the human eye shown.  
-ciliary muscle

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered part of the human...

Question 13

What happens to the neuron's membrane when its membrane potential goes below its resting value?

Accepted Answer

A)  It becomes repolarized. 
B)  It becomes hyperpolarized. 
C)  It becomes hypopolarized. 
D)  It becomes depolarized. 
A)  It becomes repolarized. 
B)  It becomes hyperpolarized. 
C)  It becomes hypopolarized. 
D)  It becomes depolarized.

Question 14

Identify each lettered cell in the human eye shown.  
-rod

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify each lettered cell in the human...

Question 15

How can organisms perceive different intensities of a stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  by an increase in intensity and frequency of action potentials generated, as well as an increase in the number of cells generating action potentials 
B)  by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated by an afferent neuron 
C)  by an increase in intensity of the action potentials generated by an afferent neuron 
D)  by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated, as well as the numbers of afferent neurons generating action potentials, but not the intensity of action potentials 
A)  by an increase in intensity and frequency of action potentials generated, as well as an increase in the number of cells generating action potentials 
B)  by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated by an afferent neuron 
C)  by an increase in intensity of the action potentials generated by an afferent neuron 
D)  by an increase in the frequency of action potentials generated, as well as the numbers of afferent neurons generating action potentials, but not the intensity of action potentials

Question 16

Match each term with its definition.
-fovea

Accepted Answer

A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects 
A) single units of a compound eye 
B) allow animals to detect and use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 
C) structure that creates pressure waves in the cochlea as it vibrates 
D) reduction in the frequency of action potentials generated by afferent neurons even though the stimulus has not changed 
E) commonly known as the eardrum
F)specialized receptors that detect electrical fields
G)viscous liquid filling the human eye cavity between the retina and lens
H)responsible for terrestrial vertebrates' ability to perceive motion and position of the head
I)process of converting a stimulus into a change in the membrane potential
J)cells in the human eye that connect bipolar cells and ganglion cells
K)dendrites of afferent neurons, or specialized cells that synapse with afferent neurons, that can gather information about the environment
L)calcium carbonate crystals that bend stereocilia as a result of movement of the head
M)a duct that eliminates pressure differentials that can occur between the outer and middle ear
N)process by which the contrast between dark and light is increased in visual processing in the mammalian eye
O)family of photopigments consisting of opsins combined with retinal
P)photopigment found in vertebrate and invertebrate eyes alike
Q)clear liquid between the cornea and the lens of a human eye
R)cells in the human eye that connect different photoreceptor cells to each other
S)where a portion of each optic nerve crosses to the opposite side of the brain
T)detect stimuli used for balance and the perception of body position
U)small region in the retina where cones are concentrated
V)specialized muscle cells surrounded by afferent neuron dendrites; detect the degree of stretching that a muscle is undergoing
W)the site in the thalamus where most optic axons make synapses with interneurons leading to the visual cortex
X)hollow sensory bristles in insects

Question 17

Which action will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated Cl- channels?

Accepted Answer

A)  depolarization 
B)  repolarization 
C)  hyperpolarization 
D)  apolarization 
A)  depolarization 
B)  repolarization 
C)  hyperpolarization 
D)  apolarization

Question 18

Which of the following can be found in higher concentrations on the outside of a neuron's plasma membrane relative to the inside?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ca2+ 
B)  Na+ 
C)  K+ 
D)  anions 
A)  Ca2+ 
B)  Na+ 
C)  K+ 
D)  anions

Question 19

Match each term with its definition.
-peripheral nervous system

Accepted Answer

A) loose meshwork of neurons organized with radial symmetry 
B) cavities in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid 
C) efferent portion of the PNS that deals with body movements that are under conscious, voluntary control 
D) neuronal activity that occurs without conscious effort; often associated with protection 
E) carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures
F)composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
G)associated with the ability to speak 
A) loose meshwork of neurons organized with radial symmetry 
B) cavities in the vertebrate brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid 
C) efferent portion of the PNS that deals with body movements that are under conscious, voluntary control 
D) neuronal activity that occurs without conscious effort; often associated with protection 
E) carries nervous activity from the brain and spinal cord to effector structures
F)composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla
G)associated with the ability to speak

Question 20

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is mostly inhibitory in its action.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 45: Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Which term refers to the spaces between adjacent Schwann cells?

What does an invertebrate statocyst contain that surrounds movable elements so that changes in body position move the latter and thus trigger an action potential?

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located within axon terminals.

Match each term with its definition. -lateral geniculate nuclei

What will a hollow neural tube develop into?

Match each term with its definition. -brain stem

Which of the following remove(s) Ca2+ from the inside of an axon terminal of a chemical synapse after an electrical impulse has passed?

Identify each lettered part of the neuromast shown. -gelatinous cupula

A deaf dolphin lacks the ability to perceive its environment through echolocation.

Which of the following is common to all vertebrates?

Identify each lettered part of the human eye shown. -ciliary muscle

What happens to the neuron's membrane when its membrane potential goes below its resting value?

Identify each lettered cell in the human eye shown. -rod

How can organisms perceive different intensities of a stimulus?

Match each term with its definition. -fovea

Which action will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated Cl- channels?

Which of the following can be found in higher concentrations on the outside of a neuron's plasma membrane relative to the inside?

Match each term with its definition. -peripheral nervous system

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is mostly inhibitory in its action.

Light and Life

The Cell: an Overview

Energy and Enzymes

Cell Membranes and Signaling

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Cycles

Genetic Recombination

The Chromosomal Basis of Mendelian Inheritance

Genetic Linkage, Sex-Linkage, and Other Non-Mendelian Inheritance Mechanisms

DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair

Gene Structure Expression, and Mutation

Regulation of Gene Expression

Dna Technologies

Genomes

Evolution: the Development of the Theory

Microevolution: Changes Within Populations

Speciation and Macroevolution

Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing the Tree of Life

Humans and Evolution

Defining Life and Its Origins

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Animals

Conservation of Biodiversity

Population Ecology

Species Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Animal Behaviour

Organization of the Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Internal Transport: the Circulatory System

Regulation of the Internal Environment: Water, Solutes, and Temperature

Control of Animal Processes: Endocrine Control

Animal Reproduction

Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

Filters

Which of the following remove(s) Ca²⁺ from the inside of an axon terminal of a chemical synapse after an electrical impulse has passed?

Which action will be caused in the postsynaptic membrane by the binding of a neurotransmitter to ligand-gated Cl^- channels?