Question 1

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element?

Accepted Answer

A)  Intrinsic factor 
B)  Vitamin B12 
C)  Vitamin D 
D)  Erythropoietin 
A)  Intrinsic factor 
B)  Vitamin B12 
C)  Vitamin D 
D)  Erythropoietin D

Question 2

What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus 
B)  Klebsiella 
C)  Proteus 
D)  Escherichia coli 
A)  Staphylococcus 
B)  Klebsiella 
C)  Proteus 
D)  Escherichia coli D

Question 3

In glomerulonephritis,what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Ischemia 
B)  Lysosomal enzymes 
C)  Compression from edema 
D)  Activated complement 
E)  Altered membrane permeability 
A)  Ischemia 
B)  Lysosomal enzymes 
C)  Compression from edema 
D)  Activated complement 
E)  Altered membrane permeability D,E

Question 4

How does progressive nephrons injury affect angiotensin II activity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Angiotensin II activity is decreased. 
B)  It is elevated. 
C)  Angiotensin II activity is totally suppressed. 
D)  It is not affected. 
A)  Angiotensin II activity is decreased. 
B)  It is elevated. 
C)  Angiotensin II activity is totally suppressed. 
D)  It is not affected.

Question 5

Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual?

Accepted Answer

A)  Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort 
B)  Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain 
C)  Hematuria and flank pain 
D)  Pyuria, urgency, and frequency 
A)  Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort 
B)  Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain 
C)  Hematuria and flank pain 
D)  Pyuria, urgency, and frequency

Question 6

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition,contributing to bacterial infection

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 7

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Dilation and relaxation of the ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 8

Hypercalciuria is primarily attributable to which alteration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Defective renal calcium reabsorption 
B)  Intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium 
C)  Bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization 
D)  Hyperparathyroidism 
A)  Defective renal calcium reabsorption 
B)  Intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium 
C)  Bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization 
D)  Hyperparathyroidism

Question 9

Regarding the formation of renal calculi,what function does pyrophosphate,potassium citrate,and magnesium perform?

Accepted Answer

A)  They inhibit crystal growth. 
B)  Pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium stimulate the supersaturation of salt. 
C)  They facilitate the precipitation of salts from a liquid to a solid state. 
D)  Pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium enhance crystallization of salt crystals to form stones. 
A)  They inhibit crystal growth. 
B)  Pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium stimulate the supersaturation of salt. 
C)  They facilitate the precipitation of salts from a liquid to a solid state. 
D)  Pyrophosphate, potassium citrate, and magnesium enhance crystallization of salt crystals to form stones.

Question 10

A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day,with albumin as the major protein.These data suggest the presence of which disorder?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cystitis 
B)  Chronic pyelonephritis 
C)  Glomerulonephritis 
D)  Nephrotic syndrome 
A)  Cystitis 
B)  Chronic pyelonephritis 
C)  Glomerulonephritis 
D)  Nephrotic syndrome

Question 11

Which statements are true regarding renal colic? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Renal colic results in mild-to-moderate pain. 
B)  Pain originates in the flank area. 
C)  Renal colic indicates the presence of renal stones. 
D)  Pain radiated to the groin. 
E)  Renal colic indicates obstruction of the renal pelvis or proximal ureter. 
A)  Renal colic results in mild-to-moderate pain. 
B)  Pain originates in the flank area. 
C)  Renal colic indicates the presence of renal stones. 
D)  Pain radiated to the groin. 
E)  Renal colic indicates obstruction of the renal pelvis or proximal ureter.

Question 12

Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from what type of tissue?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nervous system 
B)  Kidneys 
C)  Muscle 
D)  Liver 
A)  Nervous system 
B)  Kidneys 
C)  Muscle 
D)  Liver

Question 13

What medical term is used to identify a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder?

Accepted Answer

A)  Neurogenic bladder 
B)  Obstructed bladder 
C)  Necrotic bladder 
D)  Retrograde bladder 
A)  Neurogenic bladder 
B)  Obstructed bladder 
C)  Necrotic bladder 
D)  Retrograde bladder

Question 14

Which renal disorders are considered causes of intrarenal renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Acute glomerulonephritis 
B)  Allograft rejection 
C)  Tumors 
D)  Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) 
E)  Prostatic hypertrophy 
A)  Acute glomerulonephritis 
B)  Allograft rejection 
C)  Tumors 
D)  Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) 
E)  Prostatic hypertrophy

Question 15

Which urine characteristics are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)caused by intrinsic (intrarenal)failure?

Accepted Answer

A) Urine sodium >30 mEq/L B) Urine osmolality >500 mOsm C) Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) <1% D) Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts A) Urine sodium >30 mEq/L B) Urine osmolality >500 mOsm C) Fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) <1% D) Urine sediment has no cells, some hyaline casts

Question 16

What are considered risk factors for developing bladder and kidney cancers? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Cigarette smoking 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Exposure to aniline dyes 
D)  Below normal body weight 
E)  Male gender 
A)  Cigarette smoking 
B)  Hypertension 
C)  Exposure to aniline dyes 
D)  Below normal body weight 
E)  Male gender

Question 17

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Impairment to the bladder,interfering with normal bladder contraction and causing residual urine and ascending infection

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 18

Which statements are true concerning struvite stones? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  They are more common in women than in men. 
B)  Struvite stones are associated with chronic laxative use in women. 
C)  They grow large and branch into a staghorn configuration in renal pelvis and calyces. 
D)  Struvite stones are closely associated with urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing bacteria, such as Pseudomonas. 
E)  They are more common in men than in women. 
A)  They are more common in women than in men. 
B)  Struvite stones are associated with chronic laxative use in women. 
C)  They grow large and branch into a staghorn configuration in renal pelvis and calyces. 
D)  Struvite stones are closely associated with urinary tract infections caused by urease-producing bacteria, such as Pseudomonas. 
E)  They are more common in men than in women.

Question 19

Which abnormal laboratory value is found in glomerular disorders?

Accepted Answer

A)  Elevated creatinine concentration 
B)  Low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 
C)  Elevated immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
D)  Low serum complement 
A)  Elevated creatinine concentration 
B)  Low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) 
C)  Elevated immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
D)  Low serum complement

Question 20

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration. 
B)  When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. 
C)  Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell. 
D)  Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen. 
A)  Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium, resulting in more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration. 
B)  When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it. 
C)  Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried into the cell. 
D)  Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the cell in exchange for hydrogen.

Exam 38: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with which element?

What is the most common cause of uncomplicated urinary tract infections?

In glomerulonephritis,what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria? (Select all that apply.)

How does progressive nephrons injury affect angiotensin II activity?

Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition,contributing to bacterial infection

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Dilation and relaxation of the ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis

Hypercalciuria is primarily attributable to which alteration?

Regarding the formation of renal calculi,what function does pyrophosphate,potassium citrate,and magnesium perform?

A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day,with albumin as the major protein.These data suggest the presence of which disorder?

Which statements are true regarding renal colic? (Select all that apply.)

Creatinine is primarily excreted by glomerular filtration after being constantly released from what type of tissue?

What medical term is used to identify a functional urinary tract obstruction caused by an interruption of the nerve supply to the bladder?

Which renal disorders are considered causes of intrarenal renal failure? (Select all that apply.)

Which urine characteristics are indicative of acute tubular necrosis (ATN)caused by intrinsic (intrarenal)failure?

What are considered risk factors for developing bladder and kidney cancers? (Select all that apply.)

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Impairment to the bladder,interfering with normal bladder contraction and causing residual urine and ascending infection

Which statements are true concerning struvite stones? (Select all that apply.)

Which abnormal laboratory value is found in glomerular disorders?

How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute renal failure?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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