Question 1

What is the most common type of shock in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypovolemic 
B)  Cardiogenic 
C)  Neurogenic 
D)  Septic 
A)  Hypovolemic 
B)  Cardiogenic 
C)  Neurogenic 
D)  Septic A

Question 2

In cardiogenic shock,what is the cause of hepatomegaly and periorbital edema?

Accepted Answer

A)  Mass vasodilation as a result of chemical mediators released from the myocardium 
B)  Low cardiac output, causing a high central venous pressure 
C)  Tissue damage to the myocardium, causing increased capillary permeability 
D)  Low perfusion of the kidneys, stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to retain sodium and water 
A)  Mass vasodilation as a result of chemical mediators released from the myocardium 
B)  Low cardiac output, causing a high central venous pressure 
C)  Tissue damage to the myocardium, causing increased capillary permeability 
D)  Low perfusion of the kidneys, stimulating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system to retain sodium and water B

Question 3

Approximately 80% of all hospital-acquired infections in children are a result of which type of organism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacteria 
B)  Viruses 
C)  Fungi 
D)  Rickettsia 
A)  Bacteria 
B)  Viruses 
C)  Fungi 
D)  Rickettsia A

Question 4

Compared with the ebb phase,characteristics of the catabolic flow phase in metabolism after a burn injury in a child include which process?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reduced oxygen consumption 
B)  Elevation of catecholamines 
C)  Impaired circulation 
D)  Cellular shock 
A)  Reduced oxygen consumption 
B)  Elevation of catecholamines 
C)  Impaired circulation 
D)  Cellular shock

Question 5

A prolonged capillary refill time in children is consistent with the development of what type of shock?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypovolemic 
B)  Septic 
C)  Compensated 
D)  Cardiogenic 
A)  Hypovolemic 
B)  Septic 
C)  Compensated 
D)  Cardiogenic

Question 6

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
-Involves flammable liquids such as gasoline.

Accepted Answer

A) Scald burn 
B) Contact burn 
C) Flame burn 
D) Electrical burn 
E) Chemical burn 
A) Scald burn 
B) Contact burn 
C) Flame burn 
D) Electrical burn 
E) Chemical burn

Question 7

As the result of the inability to concentrate urine,children are at risk for dehydration before which age?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 years 
B)  4 years 
C)  6 years 
D)  8 years 
A)  2 years 
B)  4 years 
C)  6 years 
D)  8 years

Question 8

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions.
-Is the result of direct contact with high- and low-voltage current.

Accepted Answer

A) Scald burn 
B) Contact burn 
C) Flame burn 
D) Electrical burn 
E) Chemical burn 
A) Scald burn 
B) Contact burn 
C) Flame burn 
D) Electrical burn 
E) Chemical burn

Question 9

What causes renal failure after electrical burns in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cytokines are released after the damaged tissue. 
B)  Immature kidneys are unable to compensate for the electrical burn. 
C)  Cardiac output is reduced. 
D)  Myoglobin is released from damaged muscles. 
A)  Cytokines are released after the damaged tissue. 
B)  Immature kidneys are unable to compensate for the electrical burn. 
C)  Cardiac output is reduced. 
D)  Myoglobin is released from damaged muscles.

Question 10

For children who are experiencing shock,crystalloids and colloids are generally administered in boluses of how many milliliters per kilogram (ml/kg)?

Accepted Answer

A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  15 
D)  20 
A)  5 
B)  10 
C)  15 
D)  20

Question 11

Hypotension is likely to occur when an infant or child is greater than _____ % dehydrated.

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  5 
C)  7 
D)  10 
A)  2 
B)  5 
C)  7 
D)  10

Question 12

What advantage do impregnated silver dressings have for patients with burn injuries?

Accepted Answer

A)  Impregnated silver dressings contain natural-occurring collagens. 
B)  They require only one dressing change every other day. 
C)  Removal is less painful. 
D)  Impregnated silver dressings are cost effective. 
A)  Impregnated silver dressings contain natural-occurring collagens. 
B)  They require only one dressing change every other day. 
C)  Removal is less painful. 
D)  Impregnated silver dressings are cost effective.

Question 13

Which cytokines are antiinflammatory mediators?

Accepted Answer

A)  Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 
B)  IL-8, IL-12, and platelet-activating factor 
C)  IL-24, arachidonic acid metabolites, and nitric oxide 
D)  IL-4, IL-11, and colony-stimulating factor 
A)  Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) 
B)  IL-8, IL-12, and platelet-activating factor 
C)  IL-24, arachidonic acid metabolites, and nitric oxide 
D)  IL-4, IL-11, and colony-stimulating factor

Question 14

What considerations must the nurse take into account when assessing the severity of a burn injury? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Amount of fluid lost over a 24-hour period 
B)  Circumference of the burn injury 
C)  Depth of the burn injury 
D)  Severity of the injury caused to other body systems 
E)  Percentage of total body surface area involved 
A)  Amount of fluid lost over a 24-hour period 
B)  Circumference of the burn injury 
C)  Depth of the burn injury 
D)  Severity of the injury caused to other body systems 
E)  Percentage of total body surface area involved

Question 15

Which assessment finding would be recognized as a late sign of shock in a child? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Metabolic (lactic) acidosis 
B)  Cool skin 
C)  Bradycardia 
D)  Prolonged capillary refill 
E)  Hypotension 
A)  Metabolic (lactic) acidosis 
B)  Cool skin 
C)  Bradycardia 
D)  Prolonged capillary refill 
E)  Hypotension

Question 16

To determine a child's response to fluid therapy for shock,the nurse should monitor ______________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels 
B)  Urine output and specific gravity 
C)  Blood pressure and pulse 
D)  Arterial blood gases and heart rate 
A)  Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels 
B)  Urine output and specific gravity 
C)  Blood pressure and pulse 
D)  Arterial blood gases and heart rate

Question 17

Which statements are true regarding how a child's body compensates for cardiogenic shock? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Splanchnic arteries are constricted to divert blood from the skin, kidneys, and gut to the heart and brain. 
B)  Peripheral blood vessels are constricted to raise blood pressure. 
C)  Adrenergic responses produce tachycardia to increase cardiac output. 
D)  The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated when renal function decreases. 
E)  Compensation prevents the child from developing hepatic or mesenteric failure. 
A)  Splanchnic arteries are constricted to divert blood from the skin, kidneys, and gut to the heart and brain. 
B)  Peripheral blood vessels are constricted to raise blood pressure. 
C)  Adrenergic responses produce tachycardia to increase cardiac output. 
D)  The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is stimulated when renal function decreases. 
E)  Compensation prevents the child from developing hepatic or mesenteric failure.

Question 18

The child with septic shock has significant hypovolemia that typically responds to which interventions? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Aggressive fluid administration 
B)  Antibiotic therapy 
C)  Titration of inotropes 
D)  Vasopressors 
E)  High caloric nasogastric feedings 
A)  Aggressive fluid administration 
B)  Antibiotic therapy 
C)  Titration of inotropes 
D)  Vasopressors 
E)  High caloric nasogastric feedings

Question 19

Which statements are true regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Diagnosis requires simultaneous failure of at least two organs. 
B)  Primary MODS occurs immediately after the attributing cause. 
C)  Secondary MODS occurs within 3 to 7 days of the initial insult. 
D)  Chronic illness increases a child's risk for MODS. 
E)  Risk factors for MODS include severe or prolonged shock, sepsis, and trauma. 
A)  Diagnosis requires simultaneous failure of at least two organs. 
B)  Primary MODS occurs immediately after the attributing cause. 
C)  Secondary MODS occurs within 3 to 7 days of the initial insult. 
D)  Chronic illness increases a child's risk for MODS. 
E)  Risk factors for MODS include severe or prolonged shock, sepsis, and trauma.

Question 20

What type of injury is associated with cellular injury caused by the restoration of blood flow and physiologic concentrations of oxygen to cells that have been exposed to injurious but nonlethal hypoxic conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypoxic 
B)  Hyperoxygenation 
C)  Reperfusion 
D)  Ischemic 
A)  Hypoxic 
B)  Hyperoxygenation 
C)  Reperfusion 
D)  Ischemic

Exam 49: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

What is the most common type of shock in children?

In cardiogenic shock,what is the cause of hepatomegaly and periorbital edema?

Approximately 80% of all hospital-acquired infections in children are a result of which type of organism?

Compared with the ebb phase,characteristics of the catabolic flow phase in metabolism after a burn injury in a child include which process?

A prolonged capillary refill time in children is consistent with the development of what type of shock?

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions. -Involves flammable liquids such as gasoline.

As the result of the inability to concentrate urine,children are at risk for dehydration before which age?

Match the terms with the corresponding descriptions. -Is the result of direct contact with high- and low-voltage current.

What causes renal failure after electrical burns in children?

For children who are experiencing shock,crystalloids and colloids are generally administered in boluses of how many milliliters per kilogram (ml/kg)?

Hypotension is likely to occur when an infant or child is greater than _____ % dehydrated.

What advantage do impregnated silver dressings have for patients with burn injuries?

Which cytokines are antiinflammatory mediators?

What considerations must the nurse take into account when assessing the severity of a burn injury? (Select all that apply.)

Which assessment finding would be recognized as a late sign of shock in a child? (Select all that apply.)

To determine a child's response to fluid therapy for shock,the nurse should monitor ______________________.

Which statements are true regarding how a child's body compensates for cardiogenic shock? (Select all that apply.)

The child with septic shock has significant hypovolemia that typically responds to which interventions? (Select all that apply.)

Which statements are true regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)? (Select all that apply.)

What type of injury is associated with cellular injury caused by the restoration of blood flow and physiologic concentrations of oxygen to cells that have been exposed to injurious but nonlethal hypoxic conditions?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Filters