Question 1

Which anomaly is often associated with Wilms tumor?

Accepted Answer

A)  Renal anaplasia 
B)  Aniridia 
C)  Anemia 
D)  Hypothyroidism 
A)  Renal anaplasia 
B)  Aniridia 
C)  Anemia 
D)  Hypothyroidism B

Question 2

Which factors are involved in the development of hypospadias? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Disruption in male hormones, including testosterone 
B)  Mutation of gene HP-1 (chromosome 16) 
C)  5a-reductase mutations 
D)  Hormones administered for in vitro fertilization 
E)  Advanced maternal age 
A)  Disruption in male hormones, including testosterone 
B)  Mutation of gene HP-1 (chromosome 16) 
C)  5a-reductase mutations 
D)  Hormones administered for in vitro fertilization 
E)  Advanced maternal age A,C,D,E

Question 3

Which cells of the inflammatory process are found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
B)  Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
C)  Complement C3 
D)  Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  
E)  Immune complexes 
A)  Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
B)  Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
C)  Complement C3 
D)  Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  
E)  Immune complexes A,B,C,E

Question 4

What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Periorbital edema 
B)  Scrotal or labial edema 
C)  Frothy urine 
D)  Ascites 
A)  Periorbital edema 
B)  Scrotal or labial edema 
C)  Frothy urine 
D)  Ascites

Question 5

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus 
C)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
D)  Haemophilus 
A)  Staphylococcus aureus 
B)  Streptococcus 
C)  Pseudomonas aeruginosa 
D)  Haemophilus

Question 6

What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Hypospadias 
B)  Epispadias 
C)  Hyperspadias 
D)  Chordee 
A)  Hypospadias 
B)  Epispadias 
C)  Hyperspadias 
D)  Chordee

Question 7

Which statements are true regarding the narrow chemical safety margin that infants demonstrate? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the excretion of potassium. 
C)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the reabsorption of bicarbonate. 
D)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to aldosterone. 
E)  The safety margin begins to expand after 2 years of age. 
A)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the excretion of potassium. 
C)  An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the reabsorption of bicarbonate. 
D)  The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to aldosterone. 
E)  The safety margin begins to expand after 2 years of age.

Question 8

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-Immunoglobulin A (IgA)nephropathy causes inflammation to glomerular blood vessels.

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 9

What is the cause of smoky,brown-colored urine resulting from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Presence of red blood cells 
B)  Presence of urobilinogen 
C)  Slough from the collecting tubules 
D)  Protein in the urine 
A)  Presence of red blood cells 
B)  Presence of urobilinogen 
C)  Slough from the collecting tubules 
D)  Protein in the urine

Question 10

What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Lysosomal enzymes 
B)  Endotoxins from Streptococcus 
C)  Immune complexes 
D)  Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E) -mediated response 
A)  Lysosomal enzymes 
B)  Endotoxins from Streptococcus 
C)  Immune complexes 
D)  Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E) -mediated response

Question 11

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-Is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates.

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 12

The functional kidney is associated with which embryonic organ?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metanephros 
B)  Mesonephros 
C)  Pronephros 
D)  Endonephros 
A)  Metanephros 
B)  Mesonephros 
C)  Pronephros 
D)  Endonephros

Question 13

Which structural anomalies are associated with urinary tract malformations? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Low-set ears 
B)  Prune-belly syndrome 
C)  Broad-bridged nose 
D)  Imperforate anus 
E)  Malformed lips 
A)  Low-set ears 
B)  Prune-belly syndrome 
C)  Broad-bridged nose 
D)  Imperforate anus 
E)  Malformed lips

Question 14

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-Fibrin-rich thrombi can be found throughout the microcirculation.

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 15

Which statement is false about the causes of enuresis?

Accepted Answer

A)  A maturational lag may cause enuresis. 
B)  Enuresis may be related to increased light sleep. 
C)  Obstructive sleep apnea may be a symptom of enuresis. 
D)  Excessive nocturnal levels of vasopressin may cause enuresis. 
A)  A maturational lag may cause enuresis. 
B)  Enuresis may be related to increased light sleep. 
C)  Obstructive sleep apnea may be a symptom of enuresis. 
D)  Excessive nocturnal levels of vasopressin may cause enuresis.

Question 16

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-Is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder.

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 17

In immunoglobulin G (IgG)nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis,IgG is deposited in which location?

Accepted Answer

A)  Juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  Glomerulus basement membranes 
C)  Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries 
D)  Parietal epithelium 
A)  Juxtamedullary nephrons 
B)  Glomerulus basement membranes 
C)  Mesangium of the glomerular capillaries 
D)  Parietal epithelium

Question 18

What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters. 
B)  The submucosal segment of a child's ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient. 
C)  The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children. 
D)  As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective. 
A)  Children do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner, and urine is forced up into the ureters. 
B)  The submucosal segment of a child's ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient. 
C)  The trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped in children. 
D)  As the bladder fills in infants and children, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters, making the reflux valves ineffective.

Question 19

What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the autoimmune disorder of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen, and remnants are excreted through the kidneys. 
B)  Verotoxin from Escherichia coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells. 
C)  Endotoxins from E. coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys, which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow. 
D)  Failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen, which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen. 
A)  Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  coats erythrocytes that are destroyed by the spleen, and remnants are excreted through the kidneys. 
B)  Verotoxin from Escherichia coli is absorbed from the intestines and damages erythrocytes and endothelial cells. 
C)  Endotoxins from E. coli block the erythropoietin produced by the kidneys, which reduces the number of erythrocytes produced by the bone marrow. 
D)  Failure of the nephron to filter urea increases the blood urea nitrogen, which binds to erythrocytes that are subsequently destroyed by the spleen.

Question 20

The excretion of urea is low in infants because of which feature? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A)  Medullary nephrons with comparatively short loops at this stage of development 
B)  Immature tubular transport capacity, impairing the excretion of urea 
C)  High anabolic state 
D)  Dilute urine as a result of the immaturity of an infant's glomeruli 
E)  Available protein used for physical growth 
A)  Medullary nephrons with comparatively short loops at this stage of development 
B)  Immature tubular transport capacity, impairing the excretion of urea 
C)  High anabolic state 
D)  Dilute urine as a result of the immaturity of an infant's glomeruli 
E)  Available protein used for physical growth

Exam 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Which anomaly is often associated with Wilms tumor?

Which factors are involved in the development of hypospadias? (Select all that apply.)

Which cells of the inflammatory process are found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply.)

What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children?

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria?

What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis?

Which statements are true regarding the narrow chemical safety margin that infants demonstrate? (Select all that apply.)

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -Immunoglobulin A (IgA)nephropathy causes inflammation to glomerular blood vessels.

What is the cause of smoky,brown-colored urine resulting from acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -Is the most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates.

The functional kidney is associated with which embryonic organ?

Which structural anomalies are associated with urinary tract malformations? (Select all that apply.)

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -Fibrin-rich thrombi can be found throughout the microcirculation.

Which statement is false about the causes of enuresis?

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -Is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder.

In immunoglobulin G (IgG)nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis,IgG is deposited in which location?

What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?

What is the pathophysiologic process responsible for the autoimmune disorder of hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS)?

The excretion of urea is low in infants because of which feature? (Select all that apply.)

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems,Cerebral Hemodynamics,and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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