Question 1

If the teacher scolds her students for talking and they decrease their talking, the teacher has used

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) response cost. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) response cost. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Accepted Answer

A) cringing at the presence of a dog after being bitten many years before as a child 
B) salivating to the sound of a bell 
C) blinking when a puff of air is blown in your eye 
D) running to catch a train 
A) cringing at the presence of a dog after being bitten many years before as a child 
B) salivating to the sound of a bell 
C) blinking when a puff of air is blown in your eye 
D) running to catch a train

Question 3

Little Armondo becomes afraid of dogs. He then develops a fear of other furry animals, such as cats and rabbits. Armondo is exhibiting stimulus __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Little Armondo becomes afraid of dogs. He...

Question 4

Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies. 
B) Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival. 
C) According to this informational view, we process associations among events, and, in so doing, create new, unconscious, mental expectancies about how events are interconnected. 
D) During classical conditioning, the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS. 
A) Pavlov believed that classical conditioning involved higher mental processes, such as mental expectancies. 
B) Many psychologists believe that classical conditioning has cognitive origins because it is related to information that might aid survival. 
C) According to this informational view, we process associations among events, and, in so doing, create new, unconscious, mental expectancies about how events are interconnected. 
D) During classical conditioning, the brain learns to expect that the US will follow the CS.

Question 5

The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) timing. 
B) consistency. 
C) intensity. 
D) generalization. 
A) timing. 
B) consistency. 
C) intensity. 
D) generalization.

Question 6

Jai touched a light socket and received a shock. Jai will probably not touch a light socket again because he received

Accepted Answer

A) mild punishment. 
B) severe punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) response cost. 
A) mild punishment. 
B) severe punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) response cost.

Question 7

Many stores carry imitations of nationally known products in the hopes that the positive attitudes already conditioned to the real products will also occur with these cheaper knockoffs. If these positive attitudes also occur with the cheaper knockoffs, then which of the following has occurred?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus discrimination 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery 
A) stimulus discrimination 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 8

Operant shaping is often used in training various animals to perform tricks with hand signals being used to indicate which trick that the animal is to perform and food treats then being used as reinforcers. Thus, the trainer's hand signals are serving as

Accepted Answer

A) unconditioned stimuli. 
B) respondent cues. 
C) cognitive maps. 
D) discriminative stimuli. 
A) unconditioned stimuli. 
B) respondent cues. 
C) cognitive maps. 
D) discriminative stimuli.

Question 9

Every time Mac's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the dog's salivation to the sound of the can opener would be the unconditioned response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

The law of effect was proposed by

Accepted Answer

A) Edward Thorndike. 
B) B.F. Skinner. 
C) Ivan Pavlov. 
D) John B. Watson. 
A) Edward Thorndike. 
B) B.F. Skinner. 
C) Ivan Pavlov. 
D) John B. Watson.

Question 11

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Antecedents occur after a response takes place. 
B) Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs. 
C) Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it. 
D) All of these statements are true. 
A) Antecedents occur after a response takes place. 
B) Consequences are events that occur just before a response occurs. 
C) Paying careful attention to the "before and after" of associative learning is a key to understanding it. 
D) All of these statements are true.

Question 12

Secondary reinforcers are

Accepted Answer

A) almost never effective. 
B) reinforcing because they fulfill a biological need. 
C) innate. 
D) learned. 
A) almost never effective. 
B) reinforcing because they fulfill a biological need. 
C) innate. 
D) learned.

Question 13

Many skills, such as playing a musical instrument, cake decorating, or learning to bat a baseball, are learned by what Albert Bandura called

Accepted Answer

A) instrumental conditioning. 
B) respondent conditioning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) discovery learning. 
A) instrumental conditioning. 
B) respondent conditioning. 
C) observational learning. 
D) discovery learning.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?

Accepted Answer

A) Be willing to admit your mistake if you wrongfully punished someone or if you punished too severely. 
B) Use counterconditioning, in which you reward the child for displaying any desirable behavior that is opposite to the unacceptable behavior. 
C) Punish in public to cause embarrassment and increase the effectiveness of the punishment. 
D) Take away privileges or other positive reinforcers when punishing older children and adolescents or use a verbal rebuke or scolding. 
A) Be willing to admit your mistake if you wrongfully punished someone or if you punished too severely. 
B) Use counterconditioning, in which you reward the child for displaying any desirable behavior that is opposite to the unacceptable behavior. 
C) Punish in public to cause embarrassment and increase the effectiveness of the punishment. 
D) Take away privileges or other positive reinforcers when punishing older children and adolescents or use a verbal rebuke or scolding.

Question 15

If a person is on a VR-4 schedule, he or she will receive a reinforcer

Accepted Answer

A) on a continuous schedule. 
B) on an average of every fourth correct response. 
C) after making exactly four correct responses. 
D) four times for every correct response. 
A) on a continuous schedule. 
B) on an average of every fourth correct response. 
C) after making exactly four correct responses. 
D) four times for every correct response.

Question 16

Gayle and Charles have found that scolding and light spankings reduce their children's misbehaviors. Thus, these unpleasant consequences of scoldings and spankings would be considered

Accepted Answer

A) positive punishments. 
B) negative punishments. 
C) negative reinforcements. 
D) response cost. 
A) positive punishments. 
B) negative punishments. 
C) negative reinforcements. 
D) response cost.

Question 17

When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been made or after a passage of time, you are using which reinforcement schedule?

Accepted Answer

A) continuous 
B) secondary 
C) partial 
D) semi-continual 
A) continuous 
B) secondary 
C) partial 
D) semi-continual

Question 18

If you would like to train a dog to follow you ("heel")when you take a walk, you could reward the dog with small food treats for staying near you. If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat, praise will become a(n)__________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) unconditioned 
D) latent 
A) primary 
B) secondary 
C) unconditioned 
D) latent

Question 19

A problem with the use of punishment is that

Accepted Answer

A) it causes fear, frustration, anxiety, and encourages aggression. 
B) it has little or no power to actually suppress an undesirable response. 
C) negative reinforcement is superior to punishment for suppressing a response. 
D) once begun it cannot be withdrawn. 
A) it causes fear, frustration, anxiety, and encourages aggression. 
B) it has little or no power to actually suppress an undesirable response. 
C) negative reinforcement is superior to punishment for suppressing a response. 
D) once begun it cannot be withdrawn.

Question 20

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) cognitive learning 
D) insight learning 
A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) cognitive learning 
D) insight learning

If the teacher scolds her students for talking and they decrease their talking, the teacher has used

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Little Armondo becomes afraid of dogs. He then develops a fear of other furry animals, such as cats and rabbits. Armondo is exhibiting stimulus __________.

Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT

Jai touched a light socket and received a shock. Jai will probably not touch a light socket again because he received

Many stores carry imitations of nationally known products in the hopes that the positive attitudes already conditioned to the real products will also occur with these cheaper knockoffs. If these positive attitudes also occur with the cheaper knockoffs, then which of the following has occurred?

Operant shaping is often used in training various animals to perform tricks with hand signals being used to indicate which trick that the animal is to perform and food treats then being used as reinforcers. Thus, the trainer's hand signals are serving as

Every time Mac's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the dog's salivation to the sound of the can opener would be the unconditioned response.

The law of effect was proposed by

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

Secondary reinforcers are

Many skills, such as playing a musical instrument, cake decorating, or learning to bat a baseball, are learned by what Albert Bandura called

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?

If a person is on a VR-4 schedule, he or she will receive a reinforcer

Gayle and Charles have found that scolding and light spankings reduce their children's misbehaviors. Thus, these unpleasant consequences of scoldings and spankings would be considered

When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been made or after a passage of time, you are using which reinforcement schedule?

If you would like to train a dog to follow you ("heel")when you take a walk, you could reward the dog with small food treats for staying near you. If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat, praise will become a(n)__________ reinforcer.

A problem with the use of punishment is that

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

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Intelligence

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Health, Stress, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Social Thinking and Social Influence

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Maximizing Learning through Reflective Processing and Active Thinking

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Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning

If the teacher scolds her students for talking and they decrease their talking, the teacher has used

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned emotional response?

Little Armondo becomes afraid of dogs. He then develops a fear of other furry animals, such as cats and rabbits. Armondo is exhibiting stimulus __________.

Regarding the informational view, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on all of the following EXCEPT

Jai touched a light socket and received a shock. Jai will probably not touch a light socket again because he received

Many stores carry imitations of nationally known products in the hopes that the positive attitudes already conditioned to the real products will also occur with these cheaper knockoffs. If these positive attitudes also occur with the cheaper knockoffs, then which of the following has occurred?

Operant shaping is often used in training various animals to perform tricks with hand signals being used to indicate which trick that the animal is to perform and food treats then being used as reinforcers. Thus, the trainer's hand signals are serving as

Every time Mac's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the dog's salivation to the sound of the can opener would be the unconditioned response.

The law of effect was proposed by

Regarding antecedents, consequences, and associative learning, which of the following statements is\are TRUE?

Secondary reinforcers are

Many skills, such as playing a musical instrument, cake decorating, or learning to bat a baseball, are learned by what Albert Bandura called

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways recommended in the textbook to apply punishment?

If a person is on a VR-4 schedule, he or she will receive a reinforcer

Gayle and Charles have found that scolding and light spankings reduce their children's misbehaviors. Thus, these unpleasant consequences of scoldings and spankings would be considered

When the reinforcer does not follow every response but occurs after a number of responses have been made or after a passage of time, you are using which reinforcement schedule?

If you would like to train a dog to follow you ("heel")when you take a walk, you could reward the dog with small food treats for staying near you. If you praise the dog each time you give it a treat, praise will become a(n)__________ reinforcer.

A problem with the use of punishment is that

In which type of learning are reflex responses associated with new stimuli?

Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science

Brain and Behavior

Human Development

Sensation and Perception

States of Consciousness

Memory

Cognition, Language, and Creativity

Intelligence

Motivation and Emotion

Sex, Gender, and Sexuality

Personality

Health, Stress, and Coping

Psychological Disorders

Therapies

Social Thinking and Social Influence

Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

Maximizing Learning through Reflective Processing and Active Thinking

Applied Psychology

Filters