Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning

When Mark took some of his little brother's toys, his parents reprimanded him and then rewarded him for playing cooperatively with his brother and for sharing his toys with his brother. Mark's parents are using

Every time Lisa's dog heard the sound of the electric can opener he began to salivate because he associated the sound with the food. In this example, the sound of the can opener is a

Learning from written language is unique to humans and is a more complex form of

In North America, Edward Thorndike discovered what is today called __________ conditioning.

Information returned to a person about the effects of a particular response is called

A child learns to be afraid of spiders by observing his parents' highly emotional and negative response to them. This demonstrates

Which of the following behaviors is the LEAST likely to reoccur?

A child watches other children wince with pain as they receive hypodermic injections. Although the child has never received an injection, he responds emotionally when a needle is brought near him. His reaction is an example of

B.F. Skinner is known for studying

One of the most common mistakes people make with pets (especially dogs)is hitting them if they do not come when called. Thus, "calling" the animal becomes associated with fear and withdrawal as a(n)

The process through which a response is taught by rewarding successive approximations to the final desired response is referred to as __________.

What effect does negative reinforcement have on a person's responding?

Acquiring a fear of thunder by watching your parents react to it in a fearful way illustrates

A child calls his dog "Spot" but does not call other dogs this name even if they look like his dog. The child is demonstrating

In classical conditioning, the most important aspects for the learning to take place are the

The type of learning that involves higher mental processes, such as understanding, knowing, or anticipating is called __________ learning.

Theresa has a phobia of insects and is undergoing a therapeutic technique in which she will be gradually exposed to the phobic stimuli of insects while she remains calm and relaxed. This therapeutic technique is called __________.

Jimmy helps his father put away the dishes after dinner. If Jimmy's father wants to increase the probability of this behavior, he will be most successful by praising Jimmy

Ms. Reed's emotional reaction to her ordeal of being trapped in an elevator for several hours has generalized to a fear of all enclosed spaces. This is an example of

A parent is trying to increase the time his child spends studying by giving the child a baseball card for each hour he studies. The child does not increase or decrease his study time. This story illustrates the difference between