Question 1

Which of the following molecules contains at LEAST one peptide bond?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycogen 
B)  cellulose 
C)  chitin 
D)  peptidoglycan 
A)  glycogen 
B)  cellulose 
C)  chitin 
D)  peptidoglycan

Question 2

How do carbohydrates contain and/or display information for cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carbohydrates store information in the nucleus. 
B)  Carbohydrates contain and display information at the cell surface. 
C)  Carbohydrates display information used by mitochondria to bond to substrates and catalyze reactions. 
D)  Carbohydrates have no role in containing or displaying information for cells. 
A)  Carbohydrates store information in the nucleus. 
B)  Carbohydrates contain and display information at the cell surface. 
C)  Carbohydrates display information used by mitochondria to bond to substrates and catalyze reactions. 
D)  Carbohydrates have no role in containing or displaying information for cells.

Question 3

Which of the following can vary among monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of carbon atoms 
B)  the presence of a carbonyl group 
C)  the presence of hydroxyl groups 
D)  the presence of sulfur groups 
A)  the number of carbon atoms 
B)  the presence of a carbonyl group 
C)  the presence of hydroxyl groups 
D)  the presence of sulfur groups

Question 4

Which of the following do starch and cellulose have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  the type of glycosidic linkage used 
B)  the size of their monosaccharide subunits 
C)  the amount of hydrogen bonding that occurs between parallel strands 
D)  their main function in plants 
A)  the type of glycosidic linkage used 
B)  the size of their monosaccharide subunits 
C)  the amount of hydrogen bonding that occurs between parallel strands 
D)  their main function in plants

Question 5

Peptidoglycan forms sheets that stiffen the cell walls of bacteria. How is the formation of sheets possible?

Accepted Answer

A)  The polysaccharides in peptidoglycan are highly branched and form a network. 
B)  The glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides in peptidoglycan are extraordinarily strong. 
C)  Individual strands are joined by peptide bonds, a type of covalent bond. 
D)  The polysaccharides in peptidoglycan form helical structures, as in cellulose. 
A)  The polysaccharides in peptidoglycan are highly branched and form a network. 
B)  The glycosidic linkages between monosaccharides in peptidoglycan are extraordinarily strong. 
C)  Individual strands are joined by peptide bonds, a type of covalent bond. 
D)  The polysaccharides in peptidoglycan form helical structures, as in cellulose.

Question 6

All of the following are polysaccharides EXCEPT ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  lactose 
B)  glycogen 
C)  chitin 
D)  cellulose 
E)  amylopectin 
A)  lactose 
B)  glycogen 
C)  chitin 
D)  cellulose 
E)  amylopectin

Question 7

Which of the following structural features is common to cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are all composed of glucose in either the α or β form. 
B)  They all contain peptide bonds. 
C)  They can all form bonds between polymer chains that create parallel strands. 
D)  They are all composed of highly branched fibers. 
A)  They are all composed of glucose in either the α or β form. 
B)  They all contain peptide bonds. 
C)  They can all form bonds between polymer chains that create parallel strands. 
D)  They are all composed of highly branched fibers.

Question 8

Cellulose is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a polymer composed of fructose monomers 
B)  a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells 
C)  used by plants to make glycogen 
D)  a major structural component of plant cell walls 
E)  a monomer of starch. 
A)  a polymer composed of fructose monomers 
B)  a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells 
C)  used by plants to make glycogen 
D)  a major structural component of plant cell walls 
E)  a monomer of starch.

Question 9

What role, if any, did polysaccharides play in chemical evolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  Polysaccharides catalyzed chemical reactions. 
B)  Polysaccharides used complementary pairing between monosaccharides to copy themselves. 
C)  Glycosidic linkages formed spontaneously between monosaccharides. 
D)  Polysaccharides played little, if any, role in chemical evolution. 
A)  Polysaccharides catalyzed chemical reactions. 
B)  Polysaccharides used complementary pairing between monosaccharides to copy themselves. 
C)  Glycosidic linkages formed spontaneously between monosaccharides. 
D)  Polysaccharides played little, if any, role in chemical evolution.

Question 10

-The molecule shown in the accompanying figure is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a hexose 
B)  a pentose 
C)  a phosphate 
D)  fructose 
E)  maltose 
A)  a hexose 
B)  a pentose 
C)  a phosphate 
D)  fructose 
E)  maltose

Question 11

Use the following paragraph to answer the corresponding question(s).
Masatomo Kawakubo et al. reported in Science in August 2004 that the human stomach contains a natural, carbohydrate-based antibiotic that probably protects a large portion of the population from various diseases caused by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium has been linked to peptic ulcers, gastritis, and stomach cancer. This naturally occurring antibiotic is described by Kawakubo as having a terminal α 1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), and it acts by inhibiting the biosynthesis of a major component of the cell wall in H. pylori. [SOURCE: M. Kawakubo et al., Science 305 (2004): 1003.]
-Which of the following structures is most consistent with Kawakubo's description of this antibiotic?

Accepted Answer

A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D) 
  
A) 
  
B) 
  
C) 
  
D)

Question 12

What does the term "insoluble fiber" refer to on food packages?

Accepted Answer

A)  cellulose 
B)  polypeptides 
C)  starch 
D)  amylopectin 
E)  chitin 
A)  cellulose 
B)  polypeptides 
C)  starch 
D)  amylopectin 
E)  chitin

Question 13

What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar?

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of carbons 
B)  the position of the hydroxyl groups 
C)  the position of the carbonyl group 
D)  One is a ring form; the other is a linear chain. 
A)  the number of carbons 
B)  the position of the hydroxyl groups 
C)  the position of the carbonyl group 
D)  One is a ring form; the other is a linear chain.

Question 14

Which of the following linkages would you expect to find at a branch point in glycogen or amylopectin?

Accepted Answer

A)  α-1,4-glycosidic linkage 
B)  β-1,4-glycosidic linkage 
C)  α-1,6-glycosidic linkage 
D)  β-1,6-glycosidic linkage 
A)  α-1,4-glycosidic linkage 
B)  β-1,4-glycosidic linkage 
C)  α-1,6-glycosidic linkage 
D)  β-1,6-glycosidic linkage

Question 15

Chitin is a major component of the ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cell walls of bacteria 
B)  hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms 
C)  exoskeleton of insects 
D)  body hairs of mammals 
E)  skeleton in birds 
A)  cell walls of bacteria 
B)  hydrostatic skeletons of earthworms 
C)  exoskeleton of insects 
D)  body hairs of mammals 
E)  skeleton in birds

Question 16

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose 
B)  humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the β-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the α-glycosidic linkages of cellulose 
C)  starch monomers are joined by covalent bonds and cellulose monomers are joined by ionic bonds 
D)  the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose 
E)  the monomer of starch is fructose, while the monomer of cellulose is glucose 
A)  humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the α-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the β-glycosidic linkages of cellulose 
B)  humans have enzymes that can hydrolyze the β-glycosidic linkages of starch but not the α-glycosidic linkages of cellulose 
C)  starch monomers are joined by covalent bonds and cellulose monomers are joined by ionic bonds 
D)  the monomer of starch is glucose, while the monomer of cellulose is galactose 
E)  the monomer of starch is fructose, while the monomer of cellulose is glucose

Question 17

Dairy cattle were unknown in Thai culture until recently, and 97 percent of Thai people are lactose intolerant as adults. Which explanation for such widespread lactose intolerance is most likely correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Allergies are becoming more common in humans as more chemicals are being encountered during longer lifetimes. 
B)  Evolutionarily, producing an enzyme to break down a sugar that will never be encountered is wasteful. 
C)  The ability to digest sugar in milk is determined by environment, and most humans are not exposed to milk as a food source beyond childhood years. 
D)  There is no good explanation for this situation in humans. 
A)  Allergies are becoming more common in humans as more chemicals are being encountered during longer lifetimes. 
B)  Evolutionarily, producing an enzyme to break down a sugar that will never be encountered is wasteful. 
C)  The ability to digest sugar in milk is determined by environment, and most humans are not exposed to milk as a food source beyond childhood years. 
D)  There is no good explanation for this situation in humans.

Question 18

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?

Accepted Answer

A)  starch 
B)  glycogen 
C)  cellulose 
D)  chitin 
E)  glucose 
A)  starch 
B)  glycogen 
C)  cellulose 
D)  chitin 
E)  glucose

Question 19

Compare the molecular formula of a carbohydrate (CH2O)n with that of carbon dioxide (CO2). What does the presence of hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates indicate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Carbohydrates are more reduced than carbon dioxide. 
B)  Carbohydrates are more oxidized than carbon dioxide. 
C)  Every carbon atom in a carbohydrate is bonded to four different atoms. 
D)  Carbohydrates contain a carbonyl functional group. 
A)  Carbohydrates are more reduced than carbon dioxide. 
B)  Carbohydrates are more oxidized than carbon dioxide. 
C)  Every carbon atom in a carbohydrate is bonded to four different atoms. 
D)  Carbohydrates contain a carbonyl functional group.

Question 20

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking 10 glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  C60H120O60 
B)  C6H12O6 
C)  C60H102O51 
D)  C60H100O50 
E)  C60H111O51 
A)  C60H120O60 
B)  C6H12O6 
C)  C60H102O51 
D)  C60H100O50 
E)  C60H111O51

Exam 5: An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Which of the following molecules contains at LEAST one peptide bond?

How do carbohydrates contain and/or display information for cells?

Which of the following can vary among monosaccharides?

Which of the following do starch and cellulose have in common?

Peptidoglycan forms sheets that stiffen the cell walls of bacteria. How is the formation of sheets possible?

All of the following are polysaccharides EXCEPT ________.

Which of the following structural features is common to cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan?

Cellulose is ________.

What role, if any, did polysaccharides play in chemical evolution?

-The molecule shown in the accompanying figure is ________.

What does the term "insoluble fiber" refer to on food packages?

What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar?

Which of the following linkages would you expect to find at a branch point in glycogen or amylopectin?

Chitin is a major component of the ________.

Humans can digest starch but not cellulose because ________.

Dairy cattle were unknown in Thai culture until recently, and 97 percent of Thai people are lactose intolerant as adults. Which explanation for such widespread lactose intolerance is most likely correct?

Which of the following polymers contain nitrogen?

Compare the molecular formula of a carbohydrate (CH2O)n with that of carbon dioxide (CO2). What does the presence of hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates indicate?

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a polymer made by linking 10 glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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