Exam 7: Seciton 4: the First Two Years: Psychosocial Development

Self-recognition, as revealed by the mirror test, usually emerges at about 18 months.

Studies show that there are no significant differences between mother-child play and father-child play with infants under 12 months of age.

Eddie was a securely attached infant. As a preschooler, his living situation changed, so his attachment has loosened. This makes sense, because attachment status can change over time.

According to Freud, preventing sucking or weaning too early during infancy may have lasting effects on personality development later.

Temperament is based in biology.

Abuse has few long-term consequences for a child's emotional development.

It has been shown that babies are often unaffected by and immune to parental stress.

The quality of the parent-child attachment is one component in determining the effects of nonmaternal care on children.

The New York Longitudinal Study identifies children as belonging to one of nine categories based on their inborn temperamental traits.

Social interactions are the only foundations for emotional growth.

Fearful babies invariably grow into fearful adults, as destined by their genes.

The Strange Situation is a classic laboratory procedure used to measure attachment.

The social smile in response to another person begins to appear at about 6 weeks of age.

Madison's mother warmly greeted an old friend in the grocery store. After observing her mother, Madison smiled, too. Madison engaged in social referencing to guide her own reaction to her mother's friend.

Baby Roland wants his bottle, but he can't reach it. He gets angry, his face turns red, and he yells loudly. His anger is a healthy response to his frustration.

According to cognitive theorists, values and thoughts determine one's perspective on the world.

Colic is likely the result of immature digestion in infants.

At age 5, Samantha still exhibits very strong separation anxiety whenever her mother leaves her anywhere. Samantha's behavior is evidence of sound emotional health.

Infants as young as 6 months of age seem capable of expressing anger.

Around age 1, an emerging sense of "me" and "mine" leads to a new consciousness of others.