Exam 14: Seciton 1: Adolescence: Biosocial Development

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Physical factors include the adolescent's 1) uneven growth that often results in 2) temporary anomalies and 3) clumsiness. Culturally, 1) unrealistic standards of appearance are promoted in all forms of media, setting a standard that can rarely be met. 2) Two-thirds of U.S. high school girls are trying to lose weight, even though only one-fourth is actually overweight or obese.

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Anorexia is characterized by a refusal to eat-voluntary starvation-while bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating and then purging (by making oneself vomit or using laxatives). For anorexia to be diagnosed, the following symptoms must be present: 1) refusal to maintain a weight that is at least 85 percent of normal BMI, 2) an intense fear of weight gain, 3) a distorted body perception (seeing oneself as fat even as one's ribs protrude), and 4) absence of a menstrual period. For bulimia to be diagnosed, the following symptoms must be present: 1) bingeing and purging at least weekly for 3 months, 2) uncontrollable urges to eat, and 3) a distorted perception of body size (seeing oneself as overweight when one is a normal weight).

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The surge of hormones affects bodies, brains, and behavior before any visible signs of puberty appear, well before the teenage years. An increase in sex hormones marks the unseen beginning of puberty, and 1) produces mature ova and sperm. Later, the hormones 2) cause menarche and spermarche.
Estrogens (including estradiol and progesterone) are female hormones, and androgens (including testosterone) are male hormones, although both genders have some of both hormones. These hormones 3) awaken an interest in sex and 4) make reproduction possible. The hormones of puberty make young adolescents 5) more vulnerable to stress, and thus 6) quick to become angry, upset, or tearful. They also 7) increase psychopathology, such as schizophrenia in males and depression in females. Hormones also 8) cause a phase delay in sleep-wake cycles, making many teens wide awake at midnight but half asleep, with little energy, all morning, resulting in 9) adolescents who are increasingly sleep deprived with each year of high school.