Exam 2: Seciton 1: Beginnings: Theories of Development

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The four stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. According to Piaget, cognitive equilibrium causes intellectual advancement because humans seek mental balance. Disequilibrium can cause cognitive growth if people change their thinking through assimilation or accommodation.

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According to evolutionary theory, every species has two long-standing, biologically based drives: survival and reproduction. A basic idea from evolutionary theory is selective adaptation, which proposes that humans today react in ways that helped their ancestors' survival and reproduction millions of years ago. Thus, some of the best human behaviors-such as cooperation and self-sacrifice-may have originated long ago when groups survived because they took care of one another and other groups died out when they didn't take care of each other. In one version of selective adaptation, genes for traits that aid survival and reproduction are the ones most commonly selected over time, thereby allowing the species to thrive.

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Vygotsky stated that all adults teach children the skills expected by their society and culture. Apprenticeship in thinking is how Vygotsky described the more skilled members of the society acting as tutors or mentors to help a person develop skills. Guided participation is the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices (apprentices) the skills and habits expected within their culture.