Exam 4: Seciton 1: Beginnings: Parental Development and Birth

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Behavioral teratogens are substances and conditions that do not cause physical defects in a developing fetus but increase the risk of harm to the child's brain. For example, if a pregnant mother 1) smokes, 2) drinks alcohol, 3) uses marijuana or other drugs, or 4) has a virus (such as the flu), the fetus's brain could be damaged. Consequences of exposure to behavioral teratogens include 1) hyperactivity, 2) learning disabilities, 3) poor concentration, 4) slow learning, 5) impaired spatial reasoning, and 6) antisocial behavior.

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In some cases, expectant fathers have biological experiences related to pregnancy and birth; this is called couvade. For example, 1) levels of the stress hormone cortisol correlate between expectant fathers and mothers, probably because the partners influence each other's anxiety and relaxation. Many fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy including 2) weight gain,3) indigestion, and 4) pain during the mother's labor.

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Reflexes are unlearned actions that are involuntary responses to particular stimuli. Those that are necessary for newborn survival are ones that 1) maintain oxygen supply (breathing, hiccupping, sneezing), 2) maintain constant body temperature (crying, shivering, kicking off blankets), and 3) encourage feeding (sucking and rooting).