Exam 6: Seciton 1: the First Two Years: Cognitive Development

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Stage One: Reflexes. These include all of the reflex actions apparent at birth (such as rooting, sucking, and grasping) and lasts for the first month of life. The infant gains information about the world through the repeated use of these reflexes.
Stage Two: Acquired Adaptations (or First Habits). This stage lasts from ages 1 to 4 months and includes behaviors such as thumb-sucking, through which the infant learns the limits of his or her own body.
Stage Three: Making Interesting Things Last. This stage covers 4 to 8 months of age. The behaviors include those through which the infant interacts with things in the environment, such as shaking a rattle, clapping hands, and kicking to make a crib mobile move.

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1) Parents must begin speaking to the baby early-long before the baby can reply. They must 2) give the baby plenty of exposure to language, through conversation, reading, and songs. Parents should 3) use proper grammar and vocabulary when speaking to the child, as the baby learns these things from their parents' own language use.

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Noticing that an infant's first babbles are reinforced with smiles, repetition of the sound, and other forms of attention, Skinner believed that parents' responses reinforce the development of speech in their babies. In Skinner's behavioral theory, parents and other caregivers are teachers of language. In contrast, Chomsky believed that infants are born with an innate language acquisition device (LAD) that equips them to learn language on their own. According to his view, language learning is the result of neurological maturity.