Question 1

In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Reproductive cloning uses totipotent cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
B)  Reproductive cloning uses embryonic stem cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
C)  Therapeutic cloning uses nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated nonfertilized eggs. 
D)  Therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs. 
A)  Reproductive cloning uses totipotent cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
B)  Reproductive cloning uses embryonic stem cells, whereas therapeutic cloning does not. 
C)  Therapeutic cloning uses nuclei of adult cells transplanted into enucleated nonfertilized eggs. 
D)  Therapeutic cloning supplies cells for repair of diseased or injured organs. D

Question 2

Assume that you are trying to insert a gene into a plasmid. Someone gives you a preparation of genomic DNA that has been cut with restriction enzyme X. The gene you wish to insert has sites on both ends for cutting by restriction enzyme Y. You have a plasmid with a single site for Y, but not for X. Your strategy should be to

Accepted Answer

A)  insert the fragments cut with restriction enzyme X directly into the plasmid without cutting the plasmid. 
B)  cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert the fragments cut with restriction enzyme Y into the plasmid. 
C)  cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme. 
D)  cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate the two fragments onto the ends of the DNA fragments cut with restriction enzyme X. 
E)  cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and then insert the gene into the plasmid. 
A)  insert the fragments cut with restriction enzyme X directly into the plasmid without cutting the plasmid. 
B)  cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and insert the fragments cut with restriction enzyme Y into the plasmid. 
C)  cut the DNA again with restriction enzyme Y and insert these fragments into the plasmid cut with the same enzyme. 
D)  cut the plasmid twice with restriction enzyme Y and ligate the two fragments onto the ends of the DNA fragments cut with restriction enzyme X. 
E)  cut the plasmid with restriction enzyme X and then insert the gene into the plasmid. C

Question 3

The DNA fragments making up a genomic library are generally contained in

Accepted Answer

A)  BACs. 
B)  recombinant viral RNA. 
C)  individual wells. 
D)  DNA-RNA hybrids. 
E)  radioactive eukaryotic cells. 
A)  BACs. 
B)  recombinant viral RNA. 
C)  individual wells. 
D)  DNA-RNA hybrids. 
E)  radioactive eukaryotic cells. A

Question 4

A gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional)for genetic engineering purposes by using

Accepted Answer

A)  RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene. 
B)  a restriction enzyme to cut the gene into shorter pieces. 
C)  reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its mRNA. 
D)  DNA polymerase to reconstruct the gene from its polypeptide product. 
E)  DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that code for a particular polypeptide. 
A)  RNA polymerase to transcribe the gene. 
B)  a restriction enzyme to cut the gene into shorter pieces. 
C)  reverse transcriptase to reconstruct the gene from its mRNA. 
D)  DNA polymerase to reconstruct the gene from its polypeptide product. 
E)  DNA ligase to put together fragments of the DNA that code for a particular polypeptide.

Question 5

Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?

Accepted Answer

A)  restriction enzyme-analysis of RFLPs 
B)  DNA ligase-cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments 
C)  DNA polymerase-polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA 
D)  reverse transcriptase-production of cDNA from mRNA 
E)  electrophoresis-separation of DNA fragments 
A)  restriction enzyme-analysis of RFLPs 
B)  DNA ligase-cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments 
C)  DNA polymerase-polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA 
D)  reverse transcriptase-production of cDNA from mRNA 
E)  electrophoresis-separation of DNA fragments

Question 6

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics.
-Bacteria containing a plasmid into which the eukaryotic gene has integrated would grow in

Accepted Answer

A)  the nutrient broth only. 
B)  the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth only. 
C)  the nutrient broth, the ampicillin broth, and the tetracycline broth. 
D)  all four types of broth. 
E)  the ampicillin broth and the nutrient broth. 
A)  the nutrient broth only. 
B)  the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth only. 
C)  the nutrient broth, the ampicillin broth, and the tetracycline broth. 
D)  all four types of broth. 
E)  the ampicillin broth and the nutrient broth.

Question 7

Why might a laboratory be using dideoxy nucleotides?

Accepted Answer

A)  to separate DNA fragments 
B)  to clone the breakpoints of cut DNA 
C)  to produce cDNA from mRNA 
D)  to sequence a DNA fragment 
E)  to visualize DNA expression 
A)  to separate DNA fragments 
B)  to clone the breakpoints of cut DNA 
C)  to produce cDNA from mRNA 
D)  to sequence a DNA fragment 
E)  to visualize DNA expression

Question 8

What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into a bacterium?
I.Transform bacteria with a recombinant DNA molecule.
II.Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.
III.Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
IV.Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA fragments.
V.Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to nonplasmid DNA.

Accepted Answer

A)  I, II, IV, III, V 
B)  II, III, V, IV, I 
C)  III, II, IV, V, I 
D)  III, IV, V, I, II 
E)  IV, V, I, II, III 
A)  I, II, IV, III, V 
B)  II, III, V, IV, I 
C)  III, II, IV, V, I 
D)  III, IV, V, I, II 
E)  IV, V, I, II, III

Question 9

Scientists developed a set of guidelines to address the safety of DNA technology. Which of the following is one of the adopted safety measures?

Accepted Answer

A)  Microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments are genetically crippled to ensure that they cannot survive outside of the laboratory. 
B)  Genetically modified organisms are not allowed to be part of our food supply. 
C)  Transgenic plants are engineered so that the plant genes cannot hybridize. 
D)  Experiments involving HIV or other potentially dangerous viruses have been banned. 
E)  Recombinant plasmids cannot be replicated. 
A)  Microorganisms used in recombinant DNA experiments are genetically crippled to ensure that they cannot survive outside of the laboratory. 
B)  Genetically modified organisms are not allowed to be part of our food supply. 
C)  Transgenic plants are engineered so that the plant genes cannot hybridize. 
D)  Experiments involving HIV or other potentially dangerous viruses have been banned. 
E)  Recombinant plasmids cannot be replicated.

Question 10

To introduce a particular piece of DNA into an animal cell, such as that of a mouse, you would find more probable success with which of the following methods?

Accepted Answer

A)  the shotgun approach 
B)  electroporation followed by recombination 
C)  introducing a plasmid into the cell 
D)  infecting the mouse cell with a Ti plasmid 
E)  transcription and translation 
A)  the shotgun approach 
B)  electroporation followed by recombination 
C)  introducing a plasmid into the cell 
D)  infecting the mouse cell with a Ti plasmid 
E)  transcription and translation

Question 11

In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to

Accepted Answer

A)  the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments. 
B)  the sticky end of a DNA fragment. 
C)  a SNP marker. 
D)  a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. 
E)  a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene. 
A)  the enzyme that cuts DNA into restriction fragments. 
B)  the sticky end of a DNA fragment. 
C)  a SNP marker. 
D)  a plasmid used to transfer DNA into a living cell. 
E)  a DNA probe used to identify a particular gene.

Question 12

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

Accepted Answer

A)  plant genes do not contain introns. 
B)  more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells. 
C)  a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant. 
D)  genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection. 
E)  plant cells have larger nuclei. 
A)  plant genes do not contain introns. 
B)  more vectors are available for transferring recombinant DNA into plant cells. 
C)  a somatic plant cell can often give rise to a complete plant. 
D)  genes can be inserted into plant cells by microinjection. 
E)  plant cells have larger nuclei.

Question 13

Pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila. Pax-6 is found as well in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly and the protein (PAX-6)leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. 
E)  PAX-6 from a mouse can function in a fly, but a fly's Pax-6 gene cannot function in a mouse. 
A)  Pax-6 genes are identical in nucleotide sequence. 
B)  PAX-6 proteins have identical amino acid sequences. 
C)  Pax-6 is highly conserved and shows shared evolutionary ancestry. 
D)  PAX-6 proteins are different for formation of different kinds of eyes. 
E)  PAX-6 from a mouse can function in a fly, but a fly's Pax-6 gene cannot function in a mouse.

Question 14

Why is it so important to be able to amplify DNA fragments when studying genes?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA fragments are too small to use individually. 
B)  A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA. 
C)  Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments that are too small. 
D)  A clone requires multiple copies of each gene per clone. 
E)  It is important to have multiple copies of DNA in the case of laboratory error. 
A)  DNA fragments are too small to use individually. 
B)  A gene may represent only a millionth of the cell's DNA. 
C)  Restriction enzymes cut DNA into fragments that are too small. 
D)  A clone requires multiple copies of each gene per clone. 
E)  It is important to have multiple copies of DNA in the case of laboratory error.

Question 15

Which of the following is used to make complementary DNA (cDNA)from RNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  restriction enzymes 
B)  gene cloning 
C)  DNA ligase 
D)  gel electrophoresis 
E)  reverse transcriptase 
A)  restriction enzymes 
B)  gene cloning 
C)  DNA ligase 
D)  gel electrophoresis 
E)  reverse transcriptase

Question 16

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics.
-Bacteria that contain the plasmid, but not the eukaryotic gene, would grow

Accepted Answer

A)  in the nutrient broth plus ampicillin, but not in the broth containing tetracycline. 
B)  only in the broth containing both antibiotics. 
C)  in the broth containing tetracycline, but not in the broth containing ampicillin. 
D)  in all four types of broth. 
E)  in the nutrient broth without antibiotics only. 
A)  in the nutrient broth plus ampicillin, but not in the broth containing tetracycline. 
B)  only in the broth containing both antibiotics. 
C)  in the broth containing tetracycline, but not in the broth containing ampicillin. 
D)  in all four types of broth. 
E)  in the nutrient broth without antibiotics only.

Question 17

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
A eukaryotic gene has "sticky ends" produced by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI. The gene is added to a mixture containing EcoRI and a bacterial plasmid that carries two genes conferring resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline. The plasmid has one recognition site for EcoRI located in the tetracycline resistance gene. This mixture is incubated for several hours, exposed to DNA ligase, and then added to bacteria growing in nutrient broth. The bacteria are allowed to grow overnight and are streaked on a plate using a technique that produces isolated colonies that are clones of the original. Samples of these colonies are then grown in four different media: nutrient broth plus ampicillin, nutrient broth plus tetracycline, nutrient broth plus ampicillin and tetracycline, and nutrient broth without antibiotics.
-Bacteria that do not take up any plasmids would grow on which media?

Accepted Answer

A)  the nutrient broth only 
B)  the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth 
C)  the nutrient broth and the ampicillin broth 
D)  the tetracycline broth and the ampicillin broth 
E)  all three broths 
A)  the nutrient broth only 
B)  the nutrient broth and the tetracycline broth 
C)  the nutrient broth and the ampicillin broth 
D)  the tetracycline broth and the ampicillin broth 
E)  all three broths

Question 18

Genetically engineered plants

Accepted Answer

A)  are more difficult to engineer than animals. 
B)  include a transgenic rice plant that can help prevent vitamin A deficiency. 
C)  are being rapidly developed, but traditional plant breeding programs are still the only method used to develop new plants. 
D)  are able to fix nitrogen themselves. 
E)  are banned throughout the world. 
A)  are more difficult to engineer than animals. 
B)  include a transgenic rice plant that can help prevent vitamin A deficiency. 
C)  are being rapidly developed, but traditional plant breeding programs are still the only method used to develop new plants. 
D)  are able to fix nitrogen themselves. 
E)  are banned throughout the world.

Question 19

A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing?

Accepted Answer

A)  RFLP analysis 
B)  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
C)  electroporation 
D)  gel electrophoresis 
E)  Southern blotting 
A)  RFLP analysis 
B)  polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 
C)  electroporation 
D)  gel electrophoresis 
E)  Southern blotting

Question 20

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
Pharmacogenetics is an increasingly important discipline that uses genetic information to tailor the prescription of drug treatments to individuals. In the case of chemotherapy for breast cancer, for example, different patients need and/or respond to different treatments.
-Patients whose tumors are HER-2 positive respond to herceptin whereas other patients do not. Patients whose tumors have estrogen receptors will be best served if

Accepted Answer

A)  their estrogen receptors are blocked by using RNAi. 
B)  their estrogen release is activated and/or elevated. 
C)  the estrogen receptors are blocked by other molecules that can use the same receptors. 
D)  they are given herceptin as well as estrogen. 
E)  they are given a complete hysterectomy. 
A)  their estrogen receptors are blocked by using RNAi. 
B)  their estrogen release is activated and/or elevated. 
C)  the estrogen receptors are blocked by other molecules that can use the same receptors. 
D)  they are given herceptin as well as estrogen. 
E)  they are given a complete hysterectomy.

Exam 20: Biotechnology

In animals, what is the difference between reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning?

The DNA fragments making up a genomic library are generally contained in

A gene that contains introns can be made shorter (but remain functional)for genetic engineering purposes by using

Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use?

Why might a laboratory be using dideoxy nucleotides?

Scientists developed a set of guidelines to address the safety of DNA technology. Which of the following is one of the adopted safety measures?

To introduce a particular piece of DNA into an animal cell, such as that of a mouse, you would find more probable success with which of the following methods?

In recombinant DNA methods, the term vector can refer to

Plants are more readily manipulated by genetic engineering than are animals because

Pax-6 is a gene that is involved in eye formation in many invertebrates, such as Drosophila. Pax-6 is found as well in vertebrates. A Pax-6 gene from a mouse can be expressed in a fly and the protein (PAX-6)leads to a compound fly eye. This information suggests which of the following?

Why is it so important to be able to amplify DNA fragments when studying genes?

Which of the following is used to make complementary DNA (cDNA)from RNA?

Genetically engineered plants

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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