Exam 34: The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

The one-way flow of air along parabronchi makes what type of exchange mechanism possible, at least theoretically?

The following questions refer to the description below. Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. -Which feature excludes the organism from possibly being a leech?

Which of these statements accurately describes a similarity between sharks and ray-finned fishes?

Which of these might have been observed in the common ancestor of chondrichthyans and osteichthyans?

Which of the following is the most specific group that includes both the Old World monkeys and the New World monkeys?

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.2. Figure 34.2 -Which number represents the birds?

Which of these species was the first to have some members migrate out of Africa?

Female birds lay their eggs, thereby facilitating flight by reducing weight. Which "strategy" seems most likely for female bats to use to achieve the same goal?

At the end of which era did most dinosaurs and pterosaurs become extinct?

Which group's members have had both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

Which of the following belongs to the lobe-fin clade?

The movement of air along parabronchi is most similar to the movement of

Which of these traits is most strongly associated with the adoption of bipedalism?

We should expect the inner wall of the swim bladder to be lined with tissue that is derived from

Vertebrates and tunicates share

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.2. Figure 34.2 -If circle 3 includes all of the extant reptiles that are ectotherms, then what do circles 4 and 6 represent?

Which shark structure is most analogous to a swim bladder full of gas?

In the United States and Canada, bats use one of two strategies to survive winter: They either migrate south, or they hibernate. Recently, those that hibernate seem to have come under attack by a fungus, Geomyces destructans (Gd), an attack that is occurring from Missouri to southern Canada. Many infected bats have a delicate, white filamentous mat on their muzzles, which is referred to as white-nose syndrome (WNS). The fungus invades the bat tissues, causes discomfort, and awakens the bat from its hibernation. The bat fidgets and wastes calories, using up its stored fat. The bat then behaves abnormally, leaving its cave during daytime in winter to search for food. Their food, primarily insects, is scarce during the winter, and the bats ultimately starve to death. Since 2007, it is estimated that up to 1 million bats have perished from WNS. -Almost all North American bats are insectivores, with one notable exception being a bat that bites and then laps blood from the wound. The blood-lapping bats are limited to the warm, southwestern United States. Thus, if WNS continues to decimate bat populations in the United States and Canada, then we can expect

The following questions refer to the phylogenetic tree shown in Figure 34.2. Figure 34.2 -Which of these numbers represents ectotherms that were able to fly?

The following questions refer to the description below. Terry catches a ray-finned fish from the ocean and notices that attached to its flank is an equally long, snakelike organism. The attached organism has no external segmentation, no scales, a round mouth surrounded by a sucker, and two small eyes. Terry thinks it might be a marine leech, a hagfish, or a lamprey. -The snakelike organism turned out to be a hagfish. Consequently, why should Terry throw the fish to which the hagfish was attached overboard, rather than having it for dinner?