Question 1

During gastrulation in frog embryos, fibronectin

Accepted Answer

A)  provides an extracellular anchorage for migrating cells. 
B)  regulates actin-myosin interactions in the cytosol of migrating cells. 
C)  reduces the entry of calcium ions into migrating cells. 
D)  regulates mRNA movement out of the nucleus of a moving cell. 
E)  provides the pigment that accumulates in the primitive streak. 
A)  provides an extracellular anchorage for migrating cells. 
B)  regulates actin-myosin interactions in the cytosol of migrating cells. 
C)  reduces the entry of calcium ions into migrating cells. 
D)  regulates mRNA movement out of the nucleus of a moving cell. 
E)  provides the pigment that accumulates in the primitive streak. A

Question 2

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction. 
B)  cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division 
C)  cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins 
D)  first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction 
E)  acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division 
A)  first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction. 
B)  cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → first cell division 
C)  cortical reaction → acrosomal reaction → first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins 
D)  first cell division → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction 
E)  acrosomal reaction → cortical reaction → synthesis of embryo's DNA begins → first cell division E

Question 3

In frogs, formation of the eye lens is induced by chemical signals from

Accepted Answer

A)  cells that will become the neural plate. 
B)  cells that are forming the inner ear. 
C)  an outgrowth of the developing brain. 
D)  both cells that will become the neural plate and cells that are forming the inner ear. 
E)  both cells that will become the neural plate and an outgrowth of the developing brain. 
A)  cells that will become the neural plate. 
B)  cells that are forming the inner ear. 
C)  an outgrowth of the developing brain. 
D)  both cells that will become the neural plate and cells that are forming the inner ear. 
E)  both cells that will become the neural plate and an outgrowth of the developing brain. E

Question 4

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is

Accepted Answer

A)  the spermatozoon. 
B)  the ovum. 
C)  a blastomere in the vegetal pole. 
D)  a blastomere in the animal pole. 
E)  one of the products of the first cleavage. 
A)  the spermatozoon. 
B)  the ovum. 
C)  a blastomere in the vegetal pole. 
D)  a blastomere in the animal pole. 
E)  one of the products of the first cleavage.

Question 5

Assume that successful reproduction in a rare salamander species, wherein all individuals are females, relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species but that the resulting embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear to be used only for

Accepted Answer

A)  morphogenesis. 
B)  epigenesis. 
C)  egg activation. 
D)  cell differentiation. 
E)  the creation of a diploid cell. 
A)  morphogenesis. 
B)  epigenesis. 
C)  egg activation. 
D)  cell differentiation. 
E)  the creation of a diploid cell.

Question 6

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive organs. 
B)  blastocoel. 
C)  heart and lungs. 
D)  digestive tract. 
E)  brain and spinal cord. 
A)  reproductive organs. 
B)  blastocoel. 
C)  heart and lungs. 
D)  digestive tract. 
E)  brain and spinal cord.

Question 7

Cadherins and other cell-adhesion molecules that guide cell migration are

Accepted Answer

A)  steroid hormones. 
B)  glycoproteins. 
C)  fatty acids. 
D)  prostacyclins. 
E)  ribonucleic acids. 
A)  steroid hormones. 
B)  glycoproteins. 
C)  fatty acids. 
D)  prostacyclins. 
E)  ribonucleic acids.

Question 8

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

Accepted Answer

A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E)  endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm. 
A)  endoderm → ectoderm → mesoderm. 
B)  mesoderm → endoderm → ectoderm. 
C)  ectoderm → mesoderm → endoderm. 
D)  ectoderm → endoderm → mesoderm. 
E)  endoderm → mesoderm → ectoderm.

Question 9

The yolk of the frog egg

Accepted Answer

A)  prevents gastrulation. 
B)  is concentrated at the animal pole. 
C)  is homogeneously arranged in the egg. 
D)  impedes the formation of a primitive streak. 
E)  supports the higher rate of cleavage at the animal pole compared to the vegetal pole. 
A)  prevents gastrulation. 
B)  is concentrated at the animal pole. 
C)  is homogeneously arranged in the egg. 
D)  impedes the formation of a primitive streak. 
E)  supports the higher rate of cleavage at the animal pole compared to the vegetal pole.

Question 10

Uterine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the

Accepted Answer

A)  inner cell mass. 
B)  endoderm. 
C)  chorion. 
D)  mesoderm. 
E)  trophoblast. 
A)  inner cell mass. 
B)  endoderm. 
C)  chorion. 
D)  mesoderm. 
E)  trophoblast.

Question 11

The vitelline layer of the sea urchin egg

Accepted Answer

A)  is outside of the fertilization membrane. 
B)  releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction. 
C)  has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins. 
D)  is first visible only when organogenesis is nearly completed. 
E)  is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg. 
A)  is outside of the fertilization membrane. 
B)  releases calcium, which initiates the cortical reaction. 
C)  has receptor molecules that are specific for binding acrosomal proteins. 
D)  is first visible only when organogenesis is nearly completed. 
E)  is a mesh of proteins crossing through the cytosol of the egg.

Question 12

In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the

Accepted Answer

A)  fertilization membrane. 
B)  zona pellucida. 
C)  cytosol of the egg. 
D)  nucleus of the egg. 
E)  mitochondria of the egg. 
A)  fertilization membrane. 
B)  zona pellucida. 
C)  cytosol of the egg. 
D)  nucleus of the egg. 
E)  mitochondria of the egg.

Question 13

The small portion of the embryo that will become its dorsal side develops from the

Accepted Answer

A)  morula. 
B)  primitive streak. 
C)  archenteron. 
D)  gray crescent. 
E)  blastocoel. 
A)  morula. 
B)  primitive streak. 
C)  archenteron. 
D)  gray crescent. 
E)  blastocoel.

Question 14

The archenteron develops into

Accepted Answer

A)  the mesoderm. 
B)  the blastocoel. 
C)  the endoderm. 
D)  the placenta. 
E)  the lumen of the digestive tract. 
A)  the mesoderm. 
B)  the blastocoel. 
C)  the endoderm. 
D)  the placenta. 
E)  the lumen of the digestive tract.

Question 15

Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the

Accepted Answer

A)  amnion. 
B)  hypoblast. 
C)  chorion. 
D)  trophoblast. 
E)  yolk sac. 
A)  amnion. 
B)  hypoblast. 
C)  chorion. 
D)  trophoblast. 
E)  yolk sac.

Question 16

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of C. elegans uniquely contain

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins of maternal origin. 
B)  high concentrations of potassium ions. 
C)  haploid proteins. 
D)  T tubules for the propagation of action potentials. 
E)  P granules of mRNA and protein. 
A)  proteins of maternal origin. 
B)  high concentrations of potassium ions. 
C)  haploid proteins. 
D)  T tubules for the propagation of action potentials. 
E)  P granules of mRNA and protein.

Question 17

The first cavity formed during sea urchin development is the

Accepted Answer

A)  blastopore. 
B)  mouth. 
C)  blastocoel. 
D)  anus. 
A)  blastopore. 
B)  mouth. 
C)  blastocoel. 
D)  anus.

Question 18

A primitive streak forms during the early embryonic development of

Accepted Answer

A)  birds, but not frogs or humans. 
B)  frogs, but not birds or humans. 
C)  humans, but not birds or frogs. 
D)  birds and frogs, but not humans. 
E)  humans and birds, but not frogs. 
A)  birds, but not frogs or humans. 
B)  frogs, but not birds or humans. 
C)  humans, but not birds or frogs. 
D)  birds and frogs, but not humans. 
E)  humans and birds, but not frogs.

Question 19

Use the following information to answer the next few questions.
In a study of the development of frog embryos, researchers stained several early gastrulas with vital dyes and noted the locations of the dyes after gastrulation. The results are shown in the following table.
  
-The mesoderm was probably stained with a

Accepted Answer

A)  blue color. 
B)  yellow color. 
C)  red color. 
D)  purple color. 
E)  green color. 
A)  blue color. 
B)  yellow color. 
C)  red color. 
D)  purple color. 
E)  green color.

Question 20

A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is

Accepted Answer

A)  the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is completed after fertilization. 
B)  sea urchin eggs are produced by meiosis, but human eggs are produced by mitosis. 
C)  sea urchin eggs and sperm are of equal size, but human eggs are much bigger than human sperm. 
D)  sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy because only in sea urchins can there be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs. 
E)  sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm but human zygotes get their mitochondria from the egg. 
A)  the sea urchin egg completes meiosis prior to fertilization, but meiosis in humans is completed after fertilization. 
B)  sea urchin eggs are produced by meiosis, but human eggs are produced by mitosis. 
C)  sea urchin eggs and sperm are of equal size, but human eggs are much bigger than human sperm. 
D)  sea urchins, but not humans, have a need to block polyspermy because only in sea urchins can there be more than one source of sperm to fertilize the eggs. 
E)  sea urchin zygotes get their mitochondria from the sperm but human zygotes get their mitochondria from the egg.

Exam 47: Animal Development

During gastrulation in frog embryos, fibronectin

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds in which of the following sequences?

In frogs, formation of the eye lens is induced by chemical signals from

Among these choices, the largest cell involved in frog reproduction is

The archenteron of the developing frog eventually develops into the

Cadherins and other cell-adhesion molecules that guide cell migration are

The outer-to-inner sequence of tissue layers in a post-gastrulation vertebrate embryo is

The yolk of the frog egg

Uterine implantation due to enzymatic digestion of the endometrium is initiated by the

The vitelline layer of the sea urchin egg

In mammalian eggs, the receptors for sperm are found in the

The small portion of the embryo that will become its dorsal side develops from the

The archenteron develops into

Gases are exchanged in a mammalian embryo in the

The developmental precursors to the gonadal tissues of C. elegans uniquely contain

The first cavity formed during sea urchin development is the

A primitive streak forms during the early embryonic development of

A reproductive difference between sea urchins and humans is

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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